Exploitation of the Maximum Entropy Principle in the Study of Thermal Conductivity of Silicon, Germanium and Graphene

Abstract

In this paper, we review the application of a recent formula for the lattice thermal conductivity to silicon and germanium, which are two of the most commonly used materials in electronic devices, and to graphene, one the most promising new materials. The formula, which is based on a hierarchy of macroscopic models that generalize the Cattaneo equation, is capable of reproducing the results achieved by means of the well-known Callaway formula. In semiconductors, energy transport is largely due to acoustic phonons, therefore one can choose suitable moments of their occupation numbers as variables of the models. Equations determining the time evolution of these state variables are derived from the Boltzmann–Peierls transport equation by integration, while the maximum entropy principle (MEP) is used to obtain closure relations for the extra variables. All relevant phonon scattering mechanisms are taken into account. We present numerical results regarding the steady-state and dynamical thermal conductivities of silicon, germanium, and graphene, showing their main characteristics and how these are affected by the various scatterings. The results are in good qualitative and quantitative agreement with those in the literature, confirming that MEP is a valid method for developing macroscopic models of charge and energy transport in semiconductor materials.

Stabilization of Colloidal Germanium Nanoparticles: From the Study to the Prospects of the Application in Thin-Film Technology

“…Additionally, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) was used to characterize the crystallinity of the substituted nanoparticles, indicating that no crystalline core of, for example, α-germanium was present (Figure 6) [44,45]. Nevertheless, the width of the strongest peak (marked with a star in Figure 6) in the powder patterns indicated particle-particle coherency, in accordance with the previously reported [(P n Bu 3 ) 0.3 Ge 1.8 Br] n nanoparticles.…”