Exploding-Foil Technique for Achieving a Soft X-Ray Laser

Rosen, M. D.; Hagelstein, Peter L.; Matthews, Dennis L; Campbell, E. M.; Hazi, Andrew U.; Whitten, B. L.; MacGowan, B. J.; Turner, R. E.; Lee, R. W.; Charatis, G.; Busch, G. E.; Shepard, C.L.; Rockett, Paul D.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.54.106

Cited by 388 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In high density, highly collisional laser-produced plasmas, for example, collisions between excited states affect their respective populations. This can manifest itself in densitysensitive line ratios 21 or in density-sensitive gain predictions for soft x-ray lasers; 24 furthermore, tho short, time scales of laser-produced plasmas may not allow a steady-state ionization balance. The electron and ion densities in tokaniaks are many ovders of magnitude lower than in the other types of laboratory plasmas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…22 ' 23 Recent experiments have demonstrated amplification and lasing in the soft x-ray region based on an electron-collisional excitation scheme involving neon-like ions. 24,25 A population inversion was achieved between the 2p 5 3p and 2p 5 3s levels in neon-like selenium (Z=34) by making use of the fact that the radiative decay rates to the 2p 6 ground state are vastly different for the two levels due to the dipole selection rules. Subsequent experiments using yttrium (Z=39) and molybdenum (Z=42) have extended this scheme to elements of higher Z and obtained lasing at shorter wavelengths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High resolution n = 3 to n = 2 spectra of neon-like silver

Beiersdorfer¹,

Bitter²,

Goeler³

et al. 1986

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DE8 -009748Spectra of the n=3 to n=2 transitions in neon-like silver emitted from the Princeton Large Torus have been recorded with a high-resolution Braggcrystal spectrometer. The measurements cover the wavelength region 3.3-4.1 A and include the forbidden 3p -* 2p electric quadrapole lines. Transi tions in the adjacent sodium-like, magnesium-like, and aluminum-like charge states of silver have also been observed and identified. The Ly-a spectra of hydrogen-like argon and iron, the Ka spectra of helium-like argon, potas sium, manganese, and iron, and the K/3 spectrum of helium-like argon fall in the same wavelength region in first or second order and have been measured concurrently. These spectra provide a coherent set of wavelength reference data obtained with the same spectrometer and from the same tokamak. This set is used as a basis to compare wavelength predictions for one-and twoelectron systems to each other and to determine the transition energies of the silver lines with great accuracy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High resolution n = 3 to n = 2 spectra of neon-like silver

Beiersdorfer¹,

Bitter²,

Goeler³

et al. 1986

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“…2) In this case, population inversion cannot be strong. Highest gains achieved in the QSS regime are on the order of a few units per centimeter, requiring long plasmas of several centimeters to achieve saturation 3) [20][21][22][23]. Also, the laser energy transferred as kinetic energy onto the free electrons is only partially available for pumping the ions: most energy is absorbed by ionization, plasma expansion, thermal loss by heat conduction, and radiative losses.…”

Section: Basic Aspects Of Plasma Amplifiersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Tabletop X‐Ray Lasers

Zeitoun

Oliva

et al. 2014

Attosecond and XUV Physics

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Short pulses in the X-ray regime offer unique opportunities for the study of ultrafast processes in biology, chemistry and physics. The absorption of X-rays can occur with high spectral selectivity for direct chemical or physical analysis, the very low diffraction limit of X-rays is useful for imaging and physical analysis, and the short wavelength supports extremely short pulses in the attosecond (1 as D 10 18 s) and even zeptosecond (1 zs D 10 21 s) range [1,2]. Over the past few years, X-ray sources have reached higher and higher intensities by either reducing the pulse duration and the size of the focal spot, or by increasing the energy available in the generating process.The availability of X-ray pulses with ultrahigh intensity has opened new avenues for nonlinear physics and ultrafast imaging (see Chapter 17). A major concern in the field of ultrafast imaging is the danger of sample decomposition due to ionization by X-rays before the diffraction image (2D or 3D) is acquired. A theoretical study by Neutze et al. proposed that the ideal light source for this type of imaging should have about 10 12 photons in a fully coherent pulse with 5 fs duration or less, and with 12 keV photon energy [3]. For soft X-ray imaging (typically 30 eV to 1 keV photon energy), the parameters differ significantly. This energy range corresponds to wavelengths from 30 nm down to 1 nm, allowing experiments with diffraction-limited resolution of a few nanometers. Unlike the case discussed by Neutze, diffraction will not occur on molecular electrons but on nanoscale structures or sample structural variation. The bulk matter structure does not evolve as fast as molecular electrons, which often acquire relativistic speed. The relevant time scales are therefore defined by the speed of sound, typically 10 4 ms 1 for the density and temperature under consideration. To reach a target spatial resolution of 1 nm, the soft X-ray pulse duration should be on the order of 100 fs to prevent blurring during image exposure at the irradiation levels considered.Soft X-rays are often absorbed by the sample, reducing the signal flux at the detector. Hence the experiments require a high energy per pulse. To find an esAttosecond and XUV Physics, First Edition. Edited by Thomas Schultz and Marc Vrakking.

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“…This work has been funded by the German Federal Ministry for Research and Technology (BMFT) under contract No. 06 TM 310 I, Gesellschaft f/Jr Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Darmstadt, and the Tandem accelerator laboratory, Munich pumped by heating a thin Se-foil with an intense 532 nm laser beam [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical gain on the 476.5 nm Argon-ion laser line in a gas-target excited by a heavy ion beam

Ulrich

Wieser

Pfaffenberger

et al. 1991

Z. Physik A - Hadrons and Nuclei

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Optical gain on the 476.5 nm Ar II 4p-4s ion laser transition has been observed in argon-gas excited by 2.5 ns pulses of 90 MeV 32S ions with a repetition rate of 4883 Hz. The energy per pulse was 23 gJ. The projectiles were stopped in the target at pressures between 5 and 20 kPa. Gain was determined from a measured transient increase of the intensity of a 476.5 nm probe laser beam sent along the ion beam axis and back reflected by an aluminum foil. The maximum gain observed was (0.4_+0.1) x 10 3 at a target-gas pressure of 5 kPa. Control experiments using krypton as target-gas were performed and yielded a null result. The optical gain observed in argon is consistent with the result from an analysis of spectroscopic studies of rare-gas targets excited by heavy ion beams. PACS" 42.55.Hq; 52.20.Hv

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Exploding-Foil Technique for Achieving a Soft X-Ray Laser

Cited by 388 publications

References 11 publications

High resolution n = 3 to n = 2 spectra of neon-like silver

High resolution n = 3 to n = 2 spectra of neon-like silver

Towards Tabletop X‐Ray Lasers

Optical gain on the 476.5 nm Argon-ion laser line in a gas-target excited by a heavy ion beam

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