Expletives: Men only?

Klerk, Vivian de

doi:10.1080/03637759109376220

Cited by 54 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Swearing is considered the implementation of taboo language within an interaction, intended to add emotional or connotative meaning (de Klerk, 1991;Jay, 2009;Jay & Janschewitz, 2007, 2008. Research across disciplines has labeled swearing as dirty words (Jay, 1981), expletives (de Klerk, 1991, cursing (Jay & Janschewitz, 2007), obscenity (Fine & Johnson, 1984), and profanity (Cameron, 1969;Mabry, 1975).…”

Section: Swearingmentioning

confidence: 98%

When an Instructor Swears in Class: Functions and Targets of Instructor Swearing from College Students’ Retrospective Accounts

Generous

Frei

Houser

2014

Communication Reports

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Via a communication competence lens, students' accounts of instructor swearing were inductively analyzed to understand students' perceptions of the swear word's function and target. Coding revealed seven functions of teacher swearing: emphasize=elaborate, accommodate students, be humorous, show frustration, gain attention, instructor personality=disposition, and accidental. Six targets of teacher swearing were also found: swearing directed toward course content, noncourse content, the self (instructor), students, course assignments, and job tools. Swearing directed at course content, swearing used to emphasize=elaborate, to gain attention, and to be humorous were perceived as more appropriate than other categories. Classroom implications and instructor recommendations are offered.

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Section: Swearingmentioning

confidence: 98%

When an Instructor Swears in Class: Functions and Targets of Instructor Swearing from College Students’ Retrospective Accounts

Generous

Frei

Houser

2014

Communication Reports

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“…Stenströ m (1991), for example, uses the term 'expletive' to refer to a broad range of words, such as Jesus, bloody, bastard, and shit, while Andersson and Trudgill (1990) refer to many of the same words as 'swearwords'. Other researchers, such as de Klerk (1991) and Hughes (1992), fail to distinguish between expletives and swearwords even though de Klerk (1991: 157) does concede that expletives are typically words that are concerned with sex and excretion. However, although she makes an attempt at narrowing the meaning of the word, she opens it up almost immediately to include a wide range of other taboo items by adding that the definition can indeed include anything that has a sacred place in the belief systems of a community.…”

Section: Searching For a Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Religious references in contemporary Irish English: ‘for the love of God almighty. . . . I'm a holy terror for turf’

Farr¹,

Murphy

2009

Intercultural Pragmatics

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This article examines the nature and use of religious references across a range of contexts, and also age and gender groups to establish their patterning and functioning in contemporary English, with particular reference to Irish English. The examination is carried out by using quantitative and qualitative corpus-based tools and methodologies, such as relative frequency lists and concordances, as well as details of formulaic strings, including significant clusters. The paper highlights that religious references are high frequency items in informal spoken discourse and that they are predominantly used in non-religious contexts. In terms of age, their use seems to be characteristic of the discourse of the older speakers, while a gender-based analysis underlines their elevated use by male speakers. The analyses conclude that religious references are so commonplace in Irish English that their use, as a means of emotional expression, now seems almost ubiquitously acceptable among the represented groups, and when used, these items do not seem to cause o¤ense.

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“…Males consider the use of profanity a demonstration of social power (Hughes, 1991;Selnow, 1985), whereas females are generally less accepting of profanity, especially among their own sex (Cohen & Saine, 1977). In examining gender differences, males, regardless of age, used profanity more often than females, a finding consistent with actual language use (De Klerk, 1991;Jay, 1992), and with prime-time television (Sapolsky & Kaye, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Swearing in the Cinema

Cressman¹,

Callister²,

Robinson³

et al. 2009

Journal of Children and Media

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The exposure of children to profanity continues to be a concern for parents, media researchers, and policy makers alike. This study examines the types, frequency, and usage of profanity in movies directed at and featuring teenagers. A review of relevant literature explores the nature, use, and psychology of profanity, its potential social effects, and its prevalence in the media. A content analysis was conducted of the ninety top-grossing domestic teen films in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s (thirty from each decade) in the US based on domestic gross box-office amounts. Results indicate no change in preferences in types of profanity used over the decades. Teen and adult characters use similar profanity types; however, teens are more likely to use the seven dirty words than adults, whereas adult characters use mild words. Male characters use more profanity than female characters, and although both sexes frequently use mild profanity, females show a higher percentage for this type and males have a higher percentage for using the seven dirty words. Finally, results indicate that within and across rating categories (PG and PG-13), the amount of profanity in teen movies has actually decreased since the 1980s.

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Expletives: Men only?

Cited by 54 publications

References 11 publications

When an Instructor Swears in Class: Functions and Targets of Instructor Swearing from College Students’ Retrospective Accounts

When an Instructor Swears in Class: Functions and Targets of Instructor Swearing from College Students’ Retrospective Accounts

Religious references in contemporary Irish English: ‘for the love of God almighty. . . . I'm a holy terror for turf’

Swearing in the Cinema

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