Explaining the Growth of E-Commerce Corporations (ECCs): An Extension and Application of the Eclectic Paradigm

Singh, Nitish; Kundu, Sumit K.

doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8491039

Cited by 136 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Scholars have written about the impact of technology in service industries and how this can affect the speed, but also the reach, of international markets (Grönroos 1999;Wymbs 2000;Rusten and Bryson 2010). In particular, the importance of the internet as a facilitator of fast internationalization has been emphasized (Lituchy and Rail 2000;Singh and Kundu 2002;Petersen and Welch 2003;Chen 2006;Sinkovics et al 2013). The network factor points to the fact that the number and the strength of ties in an entrepreneur's network influences the speed of internationalization.…”

Section: Mode Of Entry Speedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rapid internationalization speed is best explained by the born global theory (e.g., Madsen and Servais 1997;Oviatt and McDougall 2005) and the ICT-and internet-related internationalization theories (e.g., Singh and Kundu 2002;Kim 2003;Yamin and Sinkovics 2006), whereas the gradual regional geographical pattern finds support in the Uppsala model (e.g., Johanson and Vahlne 1977). Concerning the mode of entry, it seems that the speed in the industry, the chosen business model, and the technically complex nature of the service itself answer the question of why the case firms seek controlled modes when entering international markets.…”

Section: Conclusion Implications Limitations and Further Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The online–offline balance: internationalization for Swedish online service providers

Wentrup

2016

J Int Entrep

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Online service providers (OSPs) are becoming increasingly important in the global economy and are undertaking internationalization at a remarkable speed. Since they depend on digital delivery over the internet, OSPs are portrayed as footloose in their geographical expansion and are often described as Bborn global.^However, on the basis of three case studies, the paper reveals the importance of the home market as a springboard, and of regional expansion in the early phase of internationalization. The paper emphasizes the balance in the internationalization process between an online and an offline presence in the new international market. The time gap between online and offline presence, the online-to-offline interval, seems to be a critical factor in the internationalization process. The speed of the internet industry and the technically complex nature of online services could explain why the case firms chose controlled modes of entry. The case firms thus skip sequential steps, following a pattern that is in contrast to the Uppsala model. Overall, the paper suggests that finding the right balance between the online and the offline presence is a challenge in the internationalization of these particular Swedish OSP firms.Résumé Les online service providers (OSPs) autrement dit les entreprises qui offrent des services par internet, prennent de plus en plus d'importance dans l'économie globale et connaissent une internationalisation remarquablement rapide. Dépendants de la livraison numérique via internet, les OSPs sont considérés comme bénéficiant d'une expansion géographique sans entrave et sont souvent décrits comme Bborn global^. Pourtant, basé sur trois études de cas, l'article révèle l'importance du tremplin que représente le marché d'origine, suivi par l'expansion régionale dans la première phase d'internationalisation. L'article met l'accent sur l'équilibre, entre la présence en ligne et hors ligne, dans le processus d'internationalisation. L'à-propos dans le passage J Int Entrep du hors ligne au en ligne, c'est à dire l'intervalle entre l'existence en ligne et l'existence hors ligne, parait être un facteur déterminant dans le processus d'internationalisation. La vitesse de l'industrie internet, et la nature complexe des services en ligne pourraient expliquer pourquoi les entreprises étudiées ont choisi des modes d'entrée contrôlés. Ces entreprises ont cependant sautés certaines étapes séquentielles, ce qui constitue un modèle contrastant avec le modèle d'Uppsala. Globalement, l'article suggère que trouver la bonne mesure entre présence en ligne et hors ligne est un défi pour l'internationalisation des OSPs suédois présentés. Summary HighlightsContributions: This timely study sheds light on the internationalization process for online service providers (OSPs). Its contribution includes three case studies of some of the best-known Swedish OSPs, and it introduces new theoretical concepts and a spatial interpretation of the internationalization process. The spatial online-offline balance offers a new way of thinki...

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Section: Mode Of Entry Speedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conclusion Implications Limitations and Further Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The online–offline balance: internationalization for Swedish online service providers

Wentrup

2016

J Int Entrep

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“…1 Referring to prior studies on an MNC's motivations to conduct knowledge inflows, many are related to the OLI factors of the eclectic paradigm (i.e. ownership, location and internalization factors), an integrated framework that has been applied to the analysis of foreign direct investments (FDI) and the MNC's operations, including capability deployments (Dunning 1988(Dunning , 1995(Dunning , 2000Singh and Kundu 2002;Erdener and Shapiro 2005). First, in terms of ownership advantages, when an MNC possesses a large knowledge base, it tends to exploit and leverage these capabilities in the entire MNC, thus increasing the MNC's motivation to transfer 1 Some studies have examined the influence of a sender's willingness on knowledge sharing in an MNC.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Internalization advantage factors indicate a variety of benefits that an MNC can acquire after it controls a subsidiary's equity to internalize foreign activities. The higher the expected internalization advantages [e.g., the internal integration of subsidiaries' activities; the assurance of input and output quality, the reduction of transaction costs (TC); the prevention of property infringement; the pursuit of certain strategies (Dunning 1988(Dunning , 1995(Dunning , 2000Singh and Kundu 2002;Erdener and Shapiro 2005)] that are obtained by the MNC, the greater the likelihood that the MNC will be motivated to control the subsidiary's equity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of MNC’s Knowledge Inflows to Subsidiaries: A Perspective on Internalization Advantages

Tseng

2015

Manag Int Rev

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Previous studies have contributed to understand the determinants of MNC's internal knowledge flows. However, the critical role played by internalization-specific factors in determining the knowledge flows has attracted relatively little attention. The present study aims to fill this gap by investigating the relationship between an MNC's motivation to acquire internalization advantages (MIA) and the level of knowledge inflows to its foreign subsidiaries; including both the vertical knowledge inflows (VKF) from the headquarters and the horizontal knowledge inflows (HKF) from other subsidiaries. Furthermore, it is asserted that the relationship between the MIA of the MNC and the knowledge inflows is contingent on two specific subsidiary characteristics, namely the subsidiary importance and the subsidiary local experience. An analysis of 100 Taiwanese MNCs' foreign subsidiaries demonstrates that the MIA is indeed an important determinant of knowledge inflows to subsidiaries. Moreover, the effects of MIA on the VKF and HKF vary with the subsidiary-specific characteristics. This study supports the validity of internalization factors on explaining the internal knowledge flows of the MNC and the necessity of incorporating the subsidiary-specific characteristics to comprehend the complex phenomenon of knowledge flows.

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“…Brouthers et al (2016, p. 513) For example, Jansson (2008, p.216) defines "Internet firms" as: 'firms whose activity/existence is dependent on the internet and whose production and distribution of goods and services are dependent on the internet'. Firms with a dependence on the Internet have also been labeled as "digital information good providers" (Mahnke and Venzin, 2003) or "e-commerce corporations" (Singh and Kundu, 2002). These broader definitions have included both traditional software firms and retailers using the Internet as a sales channel.…”

Section: The Emergence Of the Species Ospmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital oases and digital deserts in Sub-Saharan Africa

Wentrup

Ström

Nakamura

2016

Journal of Science &Amp; Technology Policy Management

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Purpose – This paper aims to investigate whether Sub-Saharan African countries are catching up with the rest of the world in terms of online usage. Online service usage is an important component of the discourse of the “digital divide”, an emblematic term for the inequality of information and communication technology access. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is a quantitative analysis of internet and Facebook penetration coupled with economic strength (GDP/capita), literacy and degree of rural population. Findings – The findings reveal a heterogeneous pattern with a few African countries being digital oases and close to European levels, whereas the majority of the countries are still digital deserts. A strong correlation is found between economic strength and internet penetration. A generalist picture that Sub-Saharan is on the trajectory of closing the digital divide is an imprecise reflection of the reality. Research limitations/implications – It is argued that instead of measuring supply-side data, which has been the trend till now, the use of demand-side elements such as online service usage tells more about digital inequalities between countries. Practical implications – The research encourages internet firms to open up their eyes for Sub-Saharan Africa as an investment opportunity with an untapped gap of online usage. Social implications – The three-billion internet users on the planet are unevenly spread and under-represented in Africa. By drawing a heterogeneous online usage landscape, digital policy can be accurately steered toward countries with the largest needs. Originality/value – There is a paucity of research going into the depth of online usage in Africa. The paper is a contribution to fill that gap.

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Explaining the Growth of E-Commerce Corporations (ECCs): An Extension and Application of the Eclectic Paradigm

Cited by 136 publications

References 33 publications

The online–offline balance: internationalization for Swedish online service providers

The online–offline balance: internationalization for Swedish online service providers

Determinants of MNC’s Knowledge Inflows to Subsidiaries: A Perspective on Internalization Advantages

Digital oases and digital deserts in Sub-Saharan Africa

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