Explaining Non-Arctic States in the Arctic Council

The Arctic Environmental Responsibility Index: A method to rank heterogenous extractive industry companies for governance purposes

“…Around 30% of the world's remaining undiscovered gas and 13% of undiscovered oil is located in the Arctic; and the value of circumpolar Arctic mineral reserves has been estimated at USD 1 trillion (US Coast Guard, 2013; USGS, 2000). However, several factors—the remoteness of the Arctic from major centers of power (Gautier et al, 2009; Huskey, 2005), its division among eight states (Steinberg, Tasch, Gerhardt, Keul, & Nyman, 2015), and the resistance of these states to the intervention of non‐Arctic countries in Arctic environmental management (Overland, 2010)—hinder the imposition of a unified system of environmental control in the Arctic (Chater, 2016).…”

China’s Efforts to Control the Arctic Rimland: A New Cold War

“…Given that, not only the cost is lower through lower fuel consumption, but also cuts down greenhouse emissions and reduces the environmental footprint. China also can export goods to Europe and beyond, through faster and less expensive routes (Chater, 2016)…”

India in a changing Arctic: an appraisal

“…Member states accept observers to make economic gains. 'Non-Arctic states are interested in protecting the environment as well as making potential economic gains, in contrast to the more focused motivations of member states (Chater, 2016). While signing the AC admission norms as an observer, each of the Observers States has acceded to abide by the governance structure, which offers the right to vote and voice on matters only to the circumpolar member states.…”