“…On the one side, there is the so-called OLI approach based on Dunning (1993Dunning ( , 2001) theory according to which fi rms invest directly abroad to gain access to resources, markets, and make effi ciency gains. On the other side, there is the gravitational approach that, despite its limited theoretical foundations (Oguledo and MacPhee, 1994), has proved to be an effi cient tool for bilateral trade fl ow analysis, extended to foreign direct investments (Bergstrand, 1989;Resmini, 1999;Brenton, Di Mauro and Lücke, 1999;Altomonte, 2000;Cieślik and Ryan, 2004). Its application to foreign direct investments is implicit: if the countries are far from each other, then it is more convenient to produce abroad than to export, since the greater the distance the higher the transport costs.…”