Explaining continuity in substance use: The role of criminal justice system involvement over the life course of an urban African American prospective cohort

Green, Kerry M.; Doherty, Elaine Eggleston; Sifat, Munjireen; Ensminger, Margaret E.

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.09.033

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(53 reference statements)

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“…Table 2 summarizes the associations between police exposures and health outcomes for the included quantitative studies . Most quantitative studies (13 [81%]) indicated a positive association between police exposures and adverse health for Black youth.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Police Exposures and the Health and Well-being of Black Youth in the US

et al. 2022

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This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline. 16 We examined studies that explored the association between police exposures and health outcomes for Black youth 26 years and younger. Literature Search StrategyWe searched the following databases on December 19, 2020: PubMed, Embase, Criminal Justice Abstracts, PsycInfo, and Web of Science (eFigure 1 in the Supplement). Search terms were developed by one of us (M.J.) with the assistance of a medical librarian and encompassed the following concepts: (1) police, (2) Black, and (3) health outcomes (eFigure 1 in the Supplement). Study Selection and Data ExtractionFollowing removal of duplicates, 2 independent reviewers (M.J. and A.M.) performed title, abstract, and full-text screening as well as data extraction using Covidence software (Veritas Health Innovation). Included studies were peer-reviewed original research (quantitative or qualitative) conducted in the US and published between 1980, when community policing became prevalent, and December 2020. The study population was Black youth. Studies were included if participants 26 years and younger and 50% or more of the study population included Black participants or if there was a subgroup analysis of Black participants (ie, race stratification, with race as a modifier variable). For studies with less than 50% Black participants and race as a covariate, authors were contacted to request subgroup analyses. If subgroup analyses were not available, the study was excluded. Additionally, Hispanic/Latinx ethnic subgroups were excluded if Black race was not indicated.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Police Exposures and the Health and Well-being of Black Youth in the US

et al. 2022

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“…The concern is that these new rules will discourage patients from seeking opioid use treatment in order to avoid persecution and discrimination. Studies have shown that law enforcement interactions increase rather than decrease health risk behaviors such as injection initiation and syringe sharing (Melo et al, 2018 ; Park et al, 2019 ) and that law enforcement involvement in the life of a person who uses drugs is almost unavoidable in the U.S. (Winkelman et al, 2018 ; Green et al, 2019 ). Therefore, a closer look at the way these interactions occur in rural medical settings and for medical purposes is critical to ensure that the rights of people who use drugs are upheld and their health is prioritized.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breaching Trust: A Qualitative Study of Healthcare Experiences of People Who Use Drugs in a Rural Setting

et al. 2020

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Background: Increased drug use has disproportionately impacted rural areas across the U.S. People who use drugs are at risk of overdose and other medical complications, including infectious diseases. Understanding barriers to healthcare access for this often stigmatized population is key to reducing morbidity and mortality, particularly in rural settings where resources may be limited. Methods: We conducted 20 semi-structured interviews with people who use drugs, including 17 who inject drugs, in rural southern Illinois between June 2018 and February 2019. Interviews were analyzed using a modified grounded theory approach where themes are coded and organized as they emerge from the data. Results: Participants reported breaches of trust by healthcare providers, often involving law enforcement and Emergency Medical Services, that dissuaded them from accessing medical care. Participants described experiences of mistreatment in emergency departments, with one account of forced catheterization. They further recounted disclosures of protected health information by healthcare providers, including communicating drug test results to law enforcement and sharing details of counseling sessions with community members without consent. Participants also described a hesitancy common among people who use drugs to call emergency medical services for an overdose due to fear of arrest. Conclusion: Breaches of trust by healthcare providers in rural communities discouraged people who use drugs from accessing medical care until absolutely necessary, if at all. These experiences may worsen healthcare outcomes and further stigmatize this marginalized community. Structural changes including reforming and clarifying law enforcement's role in Emergency Departments as well as instituting diversion policies during arrests may help rebuild trust in these communities. Other possible areas for intervention include stigma training and harm reduction education for emergency medicine providers, as well as developing and implementing referral systems between Emergency Departments and local harm reduction providers and medically assisted drug treatment programs.

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“…Among Black adults, substance use disorder may be less associated with willingness to use mental health services because of the linkage between substance use disorder and criminalization of Black adults. Studies show that Black adults are disproportionately criminalized for substance use compared to white adults (46,47).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the association between mental health knowledge and mental health service utilization among Black adults

Pederson

Tsai

Hawkins

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Mental health knowledge limitations may contribute to the treatment gap among Black adults. We conducted an online cross-sectional study of Black adults in the United States (n = 262, aged 18-65 years) from diverse ethnic backgrounds (African-Americans, African immigrants, Afro-Caribbean immigrants). Gamma regression using generalized linear models was used to estimate the associations between mental health knowledge and willingness to seek help from mental health professionals. After adjusting for age, education and ethnicity, participants with higher specific knowledge about mental health (such as recognition of schizophrenia as a mental illness) were 26% more likely to report willingness to seek help from a mental health professional for personal and emotional problems (RR = 1.26, CI: 1.12 – 1.41, p < 0.001). Knowledge building interventions (such as psychoeducation) that seek to increase specific knowledge (rather than general knowledge) may correlate more strongly with utilization of mental health services among Black adults.

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Explaining continuity in substance use: The role of criminal justice system involvement over the life course of an urban African American prospective cohort

Cited by 15 publications

References 51 publications

Police Exposures and the Health and Well-being of Black Youth in the US

Police Exposures and the Health and Well-being of Black Youth in the US

Breaching Trust: A Qualitative Study of Healthcare Experiences of People Who Use Drugs in a Rural Setting

Understanding the association between mental health knowledge and mental health service utilization among Black adults

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