“…cellular towers or base stations), but more importantly, also brought about the emergence of infrastructure‐free mobile networks, e.g. mobile opportunistic networks [1], which rely on the device‐to‐device communication between mobile devices through their short‐range communication interfaces, such as Bluetooth or Wi‐Fi Direct. Since mobile opportunistic networks do not rely on the support of network infrastructures, they have been mostly utilised to facilitate network connections when connections to network infrastructures become (i) constrained or unavailable, e.g.…”