Expert opinion on classification for footballers with vision impairment: Towards evidence-based minimum impairment criteria

Runswick, Oliver R.; Ravensbergen, Rianne; Allen, Peter M.

doi:10.1080/02640414.2021.1881301

Cited by 19 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…It was identified that as VIs impact golfing performance, the inclusion criteria were too stringent, allowing only golfers with VI in the B1 to B3 classes to compete. Concerns were also present that widening the inclusion criteria would allow athletes to compete whose VI did not affect their performance, as has been the case for footballers and judokas 9,19 . To achieve fair inclusion criteria, it is necessary to identify at what level VI starts to affect performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This approach is appropriate when little is known about a research area, and therefore, expert opinions are the most reliable data available 18 . Delphi reviews have been utilised in establishing consensus for other VI sports, such as track athletics, judo, football and swimming, 6,8,9,19 as well as other non‐VI disability sports 20–22 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence‐based classification in golf for athletes with a vision impairment: A Delphi study

Hynes

Beukes

Hawkes

et al. 2022

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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Participation in physical activities through organised sport can provide physical and mental health benefits, particularly for individuals with disabilities such as visual impairment (VI). 1 Being able to participate in a sporting activity can provide hope and a sense of accomplishment. With adequate support and opportunities, some individuals may even have the opportunity to compete nationally, internationally or at an elite Paralympic level. When competing with a disability, the impairment may influence the competition outcome, and therefore, creating an equitable competitive environment is a foundation of Paralympic sport.To ensure that competitive environments are fair, athletes are evaluated to classify the severity of their impairment. 2 The classification process determines whether an athlete is eligible to compete, and if so, which class they should compete in. Originally, athletes were classified based on the severity of their disability. Different sports, however, have specific visual demands, and so an athlete's vision profile may be more of a disadvantage in one sport than another. 3 Taking this into account, the International Paralympic Committee have asked sport federations to

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence‐based classification in golf for athletes with a vision impairment: A Delphi study

Hynes

Beukes

Hawkes

et al. 2022

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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“…While only blind (5-a-side) football features at the Paralympic Games, the International Paralympic Committee exerts influence on disability football in ensuring the sport's standards are acceptable to the wider Paralympic movement. This was seen recently with IPC-led alterations to blind football's classification system (Runswick et al, 2021) and also the exclusion of cerebral palsy football from the Paralympic Games sporting program (Pavitt, 2019).…”

Section: The Context Of the Disability Football Industry In Europementioning

confidence: 95%

Ableism as a determinant of priorities for the development of disability football: a critique of European National Football Associations

Kitchin

Bermejo

Salcines

et al. 2021

Managing Sport and Leisure

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“…Research in VI rifle shooting demonstrated that only one class was necessary in that sport, because functionally blind athletes could perform just as well as athletes with much less impairment, presumably because in that sport they can effectively rely on the auditory feedback used in the sport to guide the rifle [ 8 – 13 ]. Research has also begun in other VI sports including football [ 14 , 15 ], judo [ 16 – 21 ], skiing [ 22 , 23 ], athletics [ 24 ], goalball [ 25 ], and swimming [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship Between Visual Function and Performance in Para Swimming

et al. 2022

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Background Paralympic swimmers with vision impairment (VI) currently compete in one of the three classes depending on their visual acuity (VA) and/or visual field. However, there is no evidence to suggest that a three-class system is the most legitimate approach for classification in swimming, or that the tests of VA and visual field are the most suitable. An evidence-based approach is required to establish the relationship between visual function and performance in the sport. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish the relationship between visual function and performance in VI Para swimming. The swimming performance of 45 elite VI swimmers was evaluated during international competitions by measuring the total race time, start time, clean swim velocity, ability to swim in a straight line, turn time, and finish time. Visual function was measured using a test battery that included VA, contrast sensitivity, light sensitivity, depth perception, visual search, and motion perception. Results Results revealed that VA was the best predictor of total race time (r = 0.40, p < 0.01), though the relationship was not linear. Decision tree analysis suggested that only two classes were necessary for legitimate competition in VI swimming, with a single cut-off between 2.6 and 3.5 logMAR. No further significant association remained between visual function and performance in either of the two resulting classes (all |rs|< 0.11 and ps > 0.54). Conclusions Results suggest that legitimate competition in VI swimming requires one class for partially sighted and another for functionally blind athletes.

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Expert opinion on classification for footballers with vision impairment: Towards evidence-based minimum impairment criteria

Cited by 19 publications

References 25 publications

Evidence‐based classification in golf for athletes with a vision impairment: A Delphi study

Evidence‐based classification in golf for athletes with a vision impairment: A Delphi study

Ableism as a determinant of priorities for the development of disability football: a critique of European National Football Associations

The Relationship Between Visual Function and Performance in Para Swimming

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