Expert monitoring and verbal feedback as sources of performance pressure

Buchanan, John J.; Park, Inchon; Chen, Jing; Mehta, Ranjana K.; McCulloch, Austin; Rhee, Joohyun; Wright, David L.

doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.04.009

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Attentional focus in endurance sports has been found to largely affect performance (e.g., Brick et al, 2016a; McCormick et al, 2018; Robazza et al, 2018). Dealing effectively with task demands, physical exertion, and mental strain in high achievement, pressurized contexts, involves one’s monitoring of both internal (e.g., bodily) sensations and external (e.g., environmental) stimuli (Carson and Collins, 2016; Gropel, 2016; Buchanan et al, 2018) to actively regulate the own pacing and strategy (Brick et al, 2014). Internal sensory monitoring (e.g., breathing, muscles soreness, fatigue), outward monitoring (e.g., other competitors, split times, route, mile markers, water stations), and active self-regulation (e.g., cadence, pacing, technique, strategy, muscle relaxation) are also emphasized in Brick et al (2014) working model of attentional focus in endurance activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Attentional focus in endurance sports, such as running, cycling, orienteering, swimming, triathlon, rowing, and cross-country skiing, has been acknowledged to largely impact performance (e.g., Brick et al, 2016a; McCormick et al, 2018; Robazza et al, 2018). To deal with task demands and perform optimally, athletes need to pay attention to and monitor both internal (e.g., bodily) sensations and external (e.g., environmental) stimuli, especially under competitive pressure (Carson and Collins, 2016; Gropel, 2016; Buchanan et al, 2018). Over the last decades, cognitive functioning and motivational issues in endurance sports have received increased research interest, and study findings have been interpreted in light of different theoretical approaches in the attempt to understand decision making and metacognitive processes (e.g., Smits et al, 2014; Brick et al, 2016b), attentional focus and cognitive control (e.g., Brick et al, 2014, 2016a), and mental fatigue (e.g., Marcora et al, 2009; Marcora and Staiano, 2010; Boccia et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Action Monitoring Through External or Internal Focus of Attention Does Not Impair Endurance Performance

et al. 2019

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Attentional focus in endurance sports has been found to largely affect performance. To deal with discomfort, fatigue, and pain associated with endurance performance under pressure, athletes tend to direct attention to both internal (e.g., bodily) sensations and external (e.g., environmental) stimuli. The purpose of this study, framed within the multi-action plan (MAP) model, was to examine whether different levels of action monitoring through external or internal focus of attention could influence endurance performance. Action monitoring has been conceptualized as awareness of the current experience without necessarily influencing the course of action or disrupting automated motor processes. Thirty-two male participants (Mage = 29.12 years, SD = 6.12 years) were engaged in a treadmill, time-to-exhaustion running task across seven visits to the laboratory (i.e., task familiarization, baseline, four experimental conditions, and follow up). Assessment involved performance (i.e., time to exhaustion), oxygen uptake (O2), blood lactate levels, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and perceived arousal and hedonic tone. Across four visits, participants were prompted to use the four attentional strategies (one per session) deriving from the interaction of low/high conscious monitoring level by external/internal attention focus in a counterbalanced experimental design. Repeated measures analysis of variance did not yield significant results in any variable of the study, performance included. Consistent with predictions of the MAP model, study findings showed that participants were able to attain same performance levels irrespective of whether they used a high or low level of action monitoring through an external or internal focus of attention. Findings suggest practical indications to help athletes deal with stress in endurance sports.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Action Monitoring Through External or Internal Focus of Attention Does Not Impair Endurance Performance

et al. 2019

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“…The first comparative experimental studies from the music and sports domains show that EMT or CPH seems to be a more useful explanation theory for choking under pressure processes than the distraction or processing efficiency attempts (Wan and Huon, 2005;Wilson et al, 2007). However, more recent results tended to contradict those insights (Lee and Grafton, 2015;Buchanan et al, 2018;Furuya et al, 2021), whereas other studies seemed to confirm it (Reeves et al, 2007;Gray et al, 2013;Carson and Collins, 2016)-the discussion and research on this topic is ongoing (see also Saikley and Haroush, 2021).…”

Section: Attention Under Pressure: Explicit Monitoring and Distractio...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Focus of attention in musical learning and music performance: a systematic review and discussion of focus instructions and outcome measures

Hohagen,

Immerz

2024

Front. Psychol.

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The topic of attentional focus (focus of attention, FOA) in musical learning and performance has recently received increasing interest, as the growing number of empirical studies inspired by the established FOA paradigm in sports by Wulf and colleagues in 1998. The current systematical review aims at collecting, abstracting, and categorizing relevant data to show which kinds of FOA instructions were applied in experimental designs and what kinds of dependent variables were used to measure the effects of FOA instruction on musical performance. The three main inclusion criteria in the selection process were experimental design, detailed descriptions of FOA instructions, and outcome measures (OMs). A systematic search was conducted with a complex search term in four scientific databases in March 2023. For presenting and synthesizing results, we used data collection and an inductive-deductive data categorization. Fifteen studies with a total sample size of 401 participants were included out of 387 records initially identified. We collected 53 different FOA instruction citations from the 15 studies and classified them into 9 FOA subcategories, of which the most applied were bodily focus (21%), sound focus (15%), and visual focus (14%). Selected studies used 63 OMs that were abstracted to 10 different OM categories with expert ratings (27%) and acoustical analysis (22%) as the most applied dependent variables. Data categorization and abstraction of additional study information show multiple combinations of FOA instructions, OMs, participants’ instruments and expertise, and musical tasks. Finally, studies show no consistent results of superiority of either external or internal or otherwise different FOA considering positive effects on musical performance. Limitations of the review lie in the small study sample, possible criticism of applied eligibility criteria, and subjectivity of data categorization. We propose a research agenda with a more exploratory approach that comprehensively and qualitatively examines the dimensions of musical goals to create a database that could provide a foundation for developing a music-specific FOA model.

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The influence of mental toughness on responses to feedback in snooker: A real-time examination

Welsh

Dewhurst

Perry

2023

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

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Expert monitoring and verbal feedback as sources of performance pressure

Cited by 5 publications

References 44 publications

Action Monitoring Through External or Internal Focus of Attention Does Not Impair Endurance Performance

Action Monitoring Through External or Internal Focus of Attention Does Not Impair Endurance Performance

Focus of attention in musical learning and music performance: a systematic review and discussion of focus instructions and outcome measures

The influence of mental toughness on responses to feedback in snooker: A real-time examination

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