“…IGH power millimeter-wave vacuum electron devices (VEDs) have received considerable interest because of their diverse applications such as satellite communications, high resolution radar, and plasma science [1][2][3]. Compared with the electron beam generated by a conventional thermionic cathode electron gun, the pseudospark-sourced electron beam (PS-EB) has many advantages, including much higher beam current density (>10 8 A/m 2 ), beam propagation without the need of an external guiding magnetic field, room-temperature operation, instant start-up and low vacuum requirement (50-500 mTorr) [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. In addition, the PS-EB based VEDs can be fabricated using available technology such as wire erosion, which ensures the costs of production are moderate while at the same time a hand-held, portable, light-weight device can be manufactured.…”