Experiments on a magnesium chloride saturated solar pond

Subhakar, D.; Murthy, S. Srinivasa

doi:10.1016/0960-1481(91)90010-m

Cited by 19 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…They found that the stability is permanent only at a certain level of temperature. In Subhakar and Srinivasa (1991) on saturated solar pond containing MgCl 2 (70 cm diameter & 1 m depth) and noted that the stratification and the stability are possible within a range of temperatures of 42-72°C. Harel et al (1993) in another study about the use of KNO 3 , built an experimental pond.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Comparison of three solar ponds with different salts through bi-dimensional modeling

et al. 2015

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Comparison of three solar ponds with different salts through bi-dimensional modeling

et al. 2015

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“…One of the most widely used equipment to collect and store solar energy is the solar ponds; they can be used for heating, cooling, water desalination, or electricity generation (Rajaseenivasan et al 2013;Abdullah et al 2016;Elsarrag et al 2016;Bozkurt et al 2015;Liu et al 2015;Assari et al 2015;Michael and Iniyan 2015;Salata and Coppi 2014;Tsilingiris 1996). Among them, salinity gradient solar ponds (SGSPs) are one of the most common because of their stability and prevention of convection current from the bottom to the top of the pool due to the strong salt concentration gradient achieved using mineral salts such as NaCl (Abdullah et al 2016;Kho et al 1991;Li et al 2000), Na 2 CO 3 (Kurt et al 2006;Lund and Keinonen 1984), KNO 3 (Leshuk et al 1978;Subhakar and Murthy 1994;Lund and Keinonen 1984), MgCl 2 (Lund and Keinonen 1984;Keren et al 1993;Subhakar and Murthy 1991), etc. (Lund and Keinonen 1984;Hassairi et al 2001;Murthy and Pandey 2003;Pawar and Chapgaon 1995;Banat et al 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of salt gradient solar ponds’ performance using nanoparticles inside the storage layer

Beiki

Soukhtanlou

2018

Appl Nanosci

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The solar pond is one of the usual tools used for solar energy harvesting in the world, although its low efficiency is still a big challenge. In this study, to enhance the thermal efficiency of the laboratory-scale salinity gradient solar pond, three different nanoparticles, i.e., SiO 2 , Fe 3 O 4, and ZnO, were dispersed into a salt-water solution as the based liquid. Nanoparticles' mass concentrations used in the based liquid were 0.012%, 0.036%, and 0.06%. The simulated sunlight thermal energy was supplied by a 500 W halogen lamp. The prepared nanofluids were used as lower layer of the pond. Approximately 3 days after filling the pond, the stable salinity gradient was formed and after almost 2 days of exposure to the simulated sunlight, the temperature of the pond layers reached thermal equilibrium. The results showed that lower layer temperature increased continuously with nanoparticles' concentration, for all nanofluids. Based on the measured temperature, the pond thermal performance was calculated, showing that all mentioned nanoparticles could enhance the thermal efficiency of the SGSP. The maximum lower layer temperature (~ 47 °C) and thermal efficiency enhancement ratio (35.13%) were obtained for the 0.06% ZnO nanofluid. This nanofluid showed the minimum light scattering (particle size parameter = 0.248) and transmittance (near zero) over the UV-Vis wavelength, leading to the increased thermal efficiency of the pond, as compared to the SiO 2 and Fe 3 O 4 nanofluids. In addition, using nanoparticles, the time required to reach equilibrium conditions in the pond was decreased, with the maximum of about 9 h.

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“…Sodium chloride has been the commonly used salt for solar pond, however additional alternatives salts have shown their readiness to form salinity gradients, such as magnesium chloride (MgCl), potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ), ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ), potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ), and sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ) . This technique was tested in more than 20 countries for different applications .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, under a solar simulator composed of two Philips halogen lamps of 1000 W each, it was found that the stability becomes more important with increasing the salt gradient. Subhakar and Srinivasa carried out experiments with MgCl in a cylindrical pond with 1 m diameter and 0.7 m height and illustrated that, in a temperature range of 42–72 °C, the stratification remains stable. In 2014, Kermiche et al conducted a comparative experimental study between three ponds containing NaCl, Na 2 CO 3 , and CaCl 2 using polypropylene cylindrical tanks having a diameter of 40 cm and a depth of 80 cm each.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experiment study of the effect of salt on the stability of solar ponds

Ines

Jomâa

2018

Env Prog and Sustain Energy

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The sun is the largest source of renewable energy and this energy is abundantly available in all part of the earth. One way to trap solar energy is through the use of salt‐gradient solar ponds (SGSP). Collecting and storing of energy for this device is in one system, so the heat in summer can be utilized in winter. A typical SGSP consists of a pond containing three density stratified layers. The stability duration and the efficiency of a SGSP depend closely on the self‐maintenance of the NCZ layer, which itself depends on the type of the used salt. This article reviews nonconvective solar ponds, the problems encountered in their operations and the effect of the used salts. Three salts: NaCl, MgCl, and CaCl2 were tested in a laboratory set‐up under different operating conditions. Temperature and concentration gradients were developed by heating the pond from the bottom. The results showed that MgCl and CaCl2 stratification remains stable until the temperature reaches around 70 °C while NaCl layers were mixed at 55 °C. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38: 699–705, 2019

show abstract

Experiments on a magnesium chloride saturated solar pond

Cited by 19 publications

References 1 publication

Comparison of three solar ponds with different salts through bi-dimensional modeling

Comparison of three solar ponds with different salts through bi-dimensional modeling

Improvement of salt gradient solar ponds’ performance using nanoparticles inside the storage layer

Experiment study of the effect of salt on the stability of solar ponds

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