Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Problem des Schlafmechanismus

Marinesco, G.; Sager, O; Kreindler, A

doi:10.1007/bf02863813

Cited by 20 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Euler, Hellner-Bj6rkman & Orwen (1955) have shown quite recently that the urinary excretion of catechol amines in man is smaller during the night than during the day. These facts are in harmony with the concept of a relative dominance of the parasympathetic during sleep (Marinesco, Sager & Kreindler, 1929;Hess, 1932;Hoffer, 1954) and with the well-known alerting effect of adrenaline and other sympathomimetic amines. It also agrees with other observations made in this laboratory, which suggest a general correlation between the level of plasma adrenaline and the degree of mental activity (for summary see Weil-Malherbe, 1955): thus anaesthetics and various relaxing agents were shown to produce a fall of the adrenaline level; the return of consciousness at termination of hypoglycaemic coma was found to coincide with a peak of the plasma adrenaline concentration; electrical stimulation of the brain, the injection of a convulsant drug, or photic stimulation in a susceptible subject produced a rise of the plasma adrenaline level, even when convulsions were suppressed.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Adrenaline and noradrenaline in human plasma during natural sleep

Renton¹,

Weil‐Malherbe²

1956

The Journal of Physiology

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Little is known at present about the physiology of sleep. The proximity of centres which probably control sleep and wakefulness with centres of autonomic activity suggests a functional connexion. We have therefore investigated the effect of natural sleep on the concentration of catechol amines in plasma. METHODSTwo or three blood samples were collected from each subject, the first during sleep, the second 5-10 min. later when the subject was awake and the third on the following morning before breakfast. The first sample was collected as follows: a sphygmomanometer cuff was tied round the subject's arm above the elbow when he went to bed. The cuff was rapidly inflated while he was asleep and, though this usually woke him, the arterial circulation of the forearm was arrested; a venous blood sample was taken without delay. With one exception, of which particular mention will be made, the first and second blood samples were collected between the hours of 11 p.m. and 3 a.m.; before inflating the cuff the investigator satisfied himself, by watching respiration and facial expression, that the subject was actually asleep at the time.Most subjects were voluntary patients suffering from psychoneurotic disorders, but in good physical health, capable ofrational behaviour and willing to co-operate. The purpose ofthe investigation and its experimental nature were fully explained to them. Some members of the nursing staff were also included in the series. Particular care was taken to have all sedative medication stopped during the 3 days preceding the experiment.Treatment of blood samples. Five ml. anticoagulant solution were mixed in a 20 ml. syringe with 15 ml. venous blood. In most experiments the fluoride-thiosulphate solution previously described (Weil-Malherbe & Bone, 1952) was used, but it was later replaced by a more nearly isotonic solution containing 1% (w/v) sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate pH 7 0 (EDTA) and 2 % (w/v) sodium thiosulphate. Preliminary experiments had indicated that identical results were obtained when consecutive blood samples were collected from the same donor in the two solutions.The packed-cell volume of the diluted blood was determined on a small sample by centrifugation in Wintrobe tubes at 2000 g for 45 min. The rest of the sample was centrifuged at 1000 g for 15 min and the plasma removed by suction.Preparation of platelet-poor plasma and of platelet suspension. Blood (15 ml.) was collected in silicone-coated glass-stoppered test-tubes through serum needles (18 gauge x 11 in) mounted on a short length (approx. 7 cm) of' Portex' elastic drainage tubing, size 10 (Portland Plastics Ltd.). The test-tube contained 500 units of heparin (Boots Pure Drug Co.) in 0-1 ml. solution. The sample was centrifuged in silicone-coated centrifuge tubes, first at about 1000 g for 15 min, and again,

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Adrenaline and noradrenaline in human plasma during natural sleep

Renton¹,

Weil‐Malherbe²

1956

The Journal of Physiology

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“…The differences between the effects we obtained and those described by Marinesco et al (1929) with intraventricular injections of CaCl2 and KCI are probably explained by the difference in injection technique and by the complication of an immediately preceding ether anaesthesia in their experiments. They made the injections through a fresh puncture, and diffusion of the salts INTRAVENTRICULAR CALCIUM AND POTASSIUM 415 across the area of the injury, and mechanical brain injury produced during the injection cannot be excluded by their method.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 40%

Effects of calcium and potassium injected into the cerebral ventricles of the cat

Feldberg¹,

Sherwood²

1957

The Journal of Physiology

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In previous experiments (Feldberg & Sherwood, 1954a, b, 1955 injections of a number of drugs into the lateral cerebral ventricles of the unanaesthetized cat and the ensuing behavioural changes have been described. The present experiments are a continuation of this work and deal with the effects of intraventricular injections of calcium and potassium. These cations are known to exert powerful central depressant and excitatory effects respectively when given systemically or applied locally, but only a few experiments have so far been conducted in which the effects have been studied when these ions are introduced into the cerebral ventricles or into the great cisterna.The effects on injection of calcium and potassium into the cerebral ventricles of cats were studied by Marinesco, Sager & Kreindler (1929). The salts were injected under light ether anaesthesia and the effects observed as the anaesthetic wore off. The injection of 1 mg calcium chloride caused, after a latency of about 1 hr, sleep which lasted for several hours. The injection of 1 mg potassium chloride resulted in clonic contractions which lasted for 20 min; afterwards the cats were unable to walk and were very excited, and about 2 hr after the injection they fell asleep for several hours, whilst respiration was accelerated and the body temperature raised. Stern (1945) pointed out that an increase of the potassium:calcium ratio in the cerebrospinal fluid raised the tonus of the sympathetic nervous system and influenced the general state of excitation of the central nervous system. The intraventricular injection of a few milligrams of potassium into humans resulted in augmentation of cardiac activity, increased muscle tone and general excitability. Stern advocated the injection of a mixture of potassium dihydrogen and dipotassium hydrogen phosphates (2-7 ml. of a solution containing 6-5 mg potassium/ml.) for the treatment of shock. The mixture was 'introduced suboccipitally to the vegetative centres' in many war cases, and the result was satisfactory. In experiments on animals in a condition of shock,

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“…However, sleep-and anesthesialike conditions are obtained by intraventricular injections of calcium chloride. Marinesco, Sager and Kreindler (26) injected the salt intraventricularly into cats under light ether anesthesia and observed the effects as the anesthetic wore off. They state that after a latency of one hour, one milligram of calcium chloride caused sleep which lasted for several hours.…”

Section: Anesthesia and Sleeplike Conditions Produced By Intraventric...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Studies: II. Catatonia, Anesthesia, and Sleeplike Conditions (Produced by the injection of drugs into the cerebral ventricles of the cat).

Feldberg¹

1958

Chemical Concepts of Psychosis: Proceedings of the Symposium on Chemical Concepts of Psychosis Held at the Second International

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Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Problem des Schlafmechanismus

Cited by 20 publications

References 1 publication

Adrenaline and noradrenaline in human plasma during natural sleep

Adrenaline and noradrenaline in human plasma during natural sleep

Effects of calcium and potassium injected into the cerebral ventricles of the cat

Brain Studies: II. Catatonia, Anesthesia, and Sleeplike Conditions (Produced by the injection of drugs into the cerebral ventricles of the cat).

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