Experimental Verification of the Theory of Folding of Stratified Viscoelastic Media

Biot, Maurice A.; Odé, H.; Roever, W. L.

doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[1621:evotto]2.0.co;2

Cited by 128 publications

(37 citation statements)

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“…Biot et al, 1961;Mancktelow and Abbassi, 1992;Schmalholz, 2006). The further development of fold geometries and the "selection" and "locking" of a fold wavelength have been discussed and analysed in a number of studies (Sherwin and Chapple, 1968;Fletcher, 1974;Fletcher and Sherwin, 1978;Hudleston and Treagus, 2010).…”

Section: Single-layer Foldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(e) shows an enlargement of (d) (enlarged region is indicated by dashed rectangle). In (e) the yellow line corresponds to the case where arc-length shortening rather than bulk shortening is used in the solution of Biot et al (1961;Eq. 27), as discussed in the text.…”

Section: Single-layer Foldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At some stage the transition must still be made to a fully numerical approach, which has recently been made easy with the publication of the Folder package (Adamuszek et al, 2016). However, the real advantage of the original solution of Biot et al (1961;Eq. 27) is its simplicity in that it is described by a single equation without any derivatives and is, hence, considerably more transparent than the coupled system of ordinary differential equations of the more exact LAF model.…”

Section: Single-layer Foldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As noted above, there is always a passive or kinematic component of layer-parallel shortening and thickening that S. M. Schmalholz and N. S. Mancktelow: Folding and necking across the scales 1431 Figure 16. Evolution of fold geometry for an initial geometrical bell-shaped perturbation calculated with the analytical solution of Biot et al (1961;Eq. 27; red line), the LAF solution of Adamuszek et al (2013;magenta line) and a numerical finite element simulation (black layer).…”

Section: Single-layer Foldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Folding and necking across the scales: a review of theoretical and experimental results and their applications

Schmalholz

Mancktelow

2016

Solid Earth

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Abstract. The shortening and extension of mechanically layered ductile rock generates folds and pinch-and-swell structures (also referred to as necks or continuous boudins), which result from mechanical instabilities termed folding and necking, respectively. Folding and necking are the preferred deformation modes in layered rock because the corresponding mechanical work involved is less than that associated with a homogeneous deformation. The effective viscosity of a layered rock decreases during folding and necking, even when all material parameters remain constant. This mechanical softening due to viscosity decrease is solely the result of fold and pinch-and-swell structure development and is hence termed structural softening (or geometric weakening). Folding and necking occur over the whole range of geological scales, from microscopic up to the size of lithospheric plates. Lithospheric folding and necking are evidence for significant deformation of continental plates, which contradicts the rigid-plate paradigm of plate tectonics. We review here some theoretical and experimental results on folding and necking, including the lithospheric scale, together with a short historical overview of research on folding and necking. We focus on theoretical studies and analytical solutions that provide the best insight into the fundamental parameters controlling folding and necking, although they invariably involve simplifications. To first order, the two essential parameters to quantify folding and necking are the dominant wavelength and the corresponding maximal amplification rate. This review also includes a short overview of experimental studies, a discussion of recent developments involving mainly numerical models, a presentation of some practical applications of theoretical results, and a summary of similarities and differences between folding and necking.

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Section: Single-layer Foldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Single-layer Foldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Single-layer Foldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Single-layer Foldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Folding and necking across the scales: a review of theoretical and experimental results and their applications

Schmalholz

Mancktelow

2016

Solid Earth

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“…Wrinkles formed under compression should have been oriented with their axes orthogonal to the compressive stresses and their dominant wavelength proportional to periostracal thickness (e.g. Biot et al 1961). These wrinkles would have been inherited by the shell surface during subsequent secretion of the underlying calcitic prismatic shell layer.…”

Section: Wrinkles As Compressional Artifactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanics of sculpture formation in Magadiceramus? rangatira rangatira (Inoceramidae, Bivalvia) from the Upper Cretaceous of New Zealand

Checa¹,

Crampton²

2002

Lethaia

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The surface sculpture of the inoceramid bivalve Magadiceramus? rangatira rangatira consists of commarginal ribs and curious, transverse wrinkles. The wrinkles typically are at a high angle or orthogonal to the shell margin ('antimarginal') and thus differ from purely radial structures. They show features of distribution and morphology that reveal them to be products of margin-parallel compression of the shell-secreting mantle and its adjacent, exible, uncalci ed periostracum. The interaction of wrinkles with commarginal ribs indicates that the ribs also formed as folds of the mantle margin. During growth, commarginal folding caused withdrawal of the entire mantle margin towards the umbo, with a consequent reduction in perimeter length. Measurement of specimens indicates that fabrication of the commarginal ribs resulted in the magnitude of commarginal shortening that is required for the formation of transverse wrinkles. We infer that early in ontogeny, at the rst development of these sculptures, the wrinkles resulted entirely from mantle contraction and resultant commarginal shortening. With subsequent growth, total wrinkling included a component of 'pre-wrinkling' inherited from the preceding growth stage; the contribution of pre-wrinkling to total wrinkling increased with shell size. The proposed mechanical model is two-phase. First, the transversely corrugated (pre-wrinkled) mantle and periostracum advanced and secreted a slightly concave growth increment. Secondly, the mantle subsequently contracted to create a commarginal rib and increase the number and amplitude of transverse wrinkles. This model is consistent with a homogeneous mantle lacking any differentiated and specialized rib

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On a Unified Thermodynamic Approach to a Large Class of Instabilities of Dissipative Continua

Biot

1975

Advances in Chemical Physics

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Experimental Verification of the Theory of Folding of Stratified Viscoelastic Media

Cited by 128 publications

References 0 publications

Folding and necking across the scales: a review of theoretical and experimental results and their applications

Folding and necking across the scales: a review of theoretical and experimental results and their applications

Mechanics of sculpture formation in Magadiceramus? rangatira rangatira (Inoceramidae, Bivalvia) from the Upper Cretaceous of New Zealand

On a Unified Thermodynamic Approach to a Large Class of Instabilities of Dissipative Continua

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