Experimental transmission of field Anaplasma marginale and the A. centrale vaccine strain by Hyalomma excavatum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus ticks

Shkap, Varda; Kocan, Katherine M.; Molad, T.; Mazuz, Monica L.; Leibovich, Benjamin; Krigel, Y.; Michoytchenko, A; Blouin, Edmour F.; Fuente, José de la; Samish, Michael; Mtshali, Moses S.; Zweygarth, E.; Fleiderovich, E L; Fish, L.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.08.004

Cited by 41 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The data obtained in this study are consistent with this minimum threshold. Importantly, this low-transmission-efficiency phenotype of the Israel strain is conserved across at least four species of vector ticks, D. andersoni, Hyalomma excavatum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, and Rhipicephalus annulatus (20,22), indicating that the transmission phenotype is an intrinsic pathogen strain characteristic and consistent with a unique gene content.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Association of Pathogen Strain-Specific Gene Transcription and Transmission Efficiency Phenotype of Anaplasma marginale

Agnes

Herndon²,

Ueti³

et al. 2010

Infect Immun

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Efficient transmission of pathogens by an arthropod vector is influenced by the ability of the pathogen to replicate and develop infectiousness within the arthropod host. While the basic life cycle of development within and transmission from the arthropod vector are known for many bacterial and protozoan pathogens, the determinants of transmission efficiency are largely unknown and represent a significant gap in our knowledge. The St. Maries strain of Anaplasma marginale is a high-transmission-efficiency strain that replicates to a high titer in the tick salivary gland and can be transmitted by <10 ticks. In contrast, A. marginale subsp. centrale (Israel vaccine strain) has an identical life cycle but replicates to a significantly lower level in the salivary gland, with transmission requiring >30-fold more ticks. We hypothesized that strain-specific genes expressed in the tick salivary gland at the time of transmission are linked to the differences in the transmission efficiency phenotype. Using both annotation-dependent and -independent analyses of the complete genome sequences, we identified 58 strain-specific genes. These genes most likely represent divergence from common ancestral genes in one or both strains based on analysis of synteny and lack of statistical support for acquisition as islands by lateral gene transfer. Twenty of the St. Maries strain-specific genes and 16 of the strain-specific genes in the Israel strain were transcribed in the tick salivary gland at the time of transmission. Although associated with the transmission phenotype, the expression levels of strain-specific genes were equal to or less than the expression levels in infected erythrocytes in the mammalian host, suggesting that function is not limited to salivary gland colonization.Transmission efficiency is a primary determinant of pathogen prevalence. Strain-specific differences in transmission efficiency underlie the strain structure in the host population and the patterns of infection and disease. For example, cholera pandemics are associated with a limited diversity of related, highly transmissible Vibrio cholerae strains (4). For vectorborne pathogens, efficient transmission is also dictated by infection and replication within the arthropod host (10,15,25,26). While the basic cycle of development within the arthropod vector has been identified for many important pathogens, including Anaplasma, Borrelia, Plasmodium, Rickettsia, and Trypanosoma, the critical microbial determinants of transmission efficiency in the vector remain unknown for most bacterial and protozoan pathogens.Transmission of Anaplasma spp. is initiated when ixodid ticks ingest an infected blood meal during acquisition feeding on a bacteremic mammalian host (25, 26). The organisms then replicate within the midgut epithelium, invade the salivary gland, and, concomitant with attachment and feeding on a naïve host, undergo a second round of replication and are released into the saliva for transmission (13,25,26). Importantly, the efficiencies of this developmental...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Association of Pathogen Strain-Specific Gene Transcription and Transmission Efficiency Phenotype of Anaplasma marginale

Agnes

Herndon²,

Ueti³

et al. 2010

Infect Immun

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“…Although A. centrale can be transmitted by Rhipicephalus simus , the tick species from which this organisms was initially isolated, this Anaplasma sp. cannot be transmitted by other tick species that are known to be A. marginale vectors [20], [39].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional and Immunological Relevance of Anaplasma marginale Major Surface Protein 1a Sequence and Structural Analysis

et al. 2013

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Bovine anaplasmosis is caused by cattle infection with the tick-borne bacterium, Anaplasma marginale. The major surface protein 1a (MSP1a) has been used as a genetic marker for identifying A. marginale strains based on N-terminal tandem repeats and a 5′-UTR microsatellite located in the msp1a gene. The MSP1a tandem repeats contain immune relevant elements and functional domains that bind to bovine erythrocytes and tick cells, thus providing information about the evolution of host-pathogen and vector-pathogen interactions. Here we propose one nomenclature for A. marginale strain classification based on MSP1a. All tandem repeats among A. marginale strains were classified and the amino acid variability/frequency in each position was determined. The sequence variation at immunodominant B cell epitopes was determined and the secondary (2D) structure of the tandem repeats was modeled. A total of 224 different strains of A. marginale were classified, showing 11 genotypes based on the 5′-UTR microsatellite and 193 different tandem repeats with high amino acid variability per position. Our results showed phylogenetic correlation between MSP1a sequence, secondary structure, B-cell epitope composition and tick transmissibility of A. marginale strains. The analysis of MSP1a sequences provides relevant information about the biology of A. marginale to design vaccines with a cross-protective capacity based on MSP1a B-cell epitopes.

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“…All Anaplasma species are transmitted by Ixodid ticks, although tick transmissibility of A. centrale has been recently questioned (Shkap et al, 2009). The transmission cycle has been most extensively studied for A. marginale (Kocan et al, 1986, 1992a,b, 2008a).…”

Section: Tick Interactions With Transmitted Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction of the tick immune system with transmitted pathogens

Hajdušek¹,

Šíma²,

Ayllón³

et al. 2013

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

202

199

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Experimental transmission of field Anaplasma marginale and the A. centrale vaccine strain by Hyalomma excavatum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus ticks

Cited by 41 publications

References 21 publications

Association of Pathogen Strain-Specific Gene Transcription and Transmission Efficiency Phenotype of Anaplasma marginale

Association of Pathogen Strain-Specific Gene Transcription and Transmission Efficiency Phenotype of Anaplasma marginale

Functional and Immunological Relevance of Anaplasma marginale Major Surface Protein 1a Sequence and Structural Analysis

Interaction of the tick immune system with transmitted pathogens

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