Experimental Transmission of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus by West African Wild Ground-Feeding Birds to Hyalomma marginatum rufipes Ticks

Zeller, H.; Cornet, Jean-Paul; Camicas, Jean-Louis

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1994.50.676

Cited by 98 publications

(56 citation statements)

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“…This conclusion was supported by the only two subsequent studies, as researchers were unable to detect antibodies to CCHFV in 37 different species of wild birds in South Africa (Shepherd et al, 1987a), and could not demonstrate viremia in experimentally inoculated hornbills and starlings, even though H. rufipes larvae feeding on them became infected (Zeller et al, 1994). The potential role of migratory birds in the spread of CCHFV to new geographic areas, through the transport of virus-infected larvae and nymphs, is discussed below.…”

Section: Role Of Birds In the Maintenance And Spread Of Cchfvsupporting

confidence: 52%

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: History, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity

et al. 2013

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Bente, Dennis A.; Forrester, Naomi L.; Watts, Douglas M.; McAuley, Alexander J.; Whitehouse, Chris A.; and Bray, Mike, "CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever: History, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity" (2013 b s t r a c tCrimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most important tick-borne viral disease of humans, causing sporadic cases or outbreaks of severe illness across a huge geographic area, from western China to the Middle East and southeastern Europe and throughout most of Africa. CCHFV is maintained in vertical and horizontal transmission cycles involving ixodid ticks and a variety of wild and domestic vertebrates, which do not show signs of illness. The virus circulates in a number of tick genera, but Hyalomma ticks are the principal source of human infection, probably because both immature and adult forms actively seek hosts for the blood meals required at each stage of maturation. CCHF occurs most frequently among agricultural workers following the bite of an infected tick, and to a lesser extent among slaughterhouse workers exposed to the blood and tissues of infected livestock and medical personnel through contact with the body fluids of infected patients. CCHFV is the most genetically diverse of the arboviruses, with nucleotide sequence differences among isolates ranging from 20% for the viral S segment to 31% for the M segment. Viruses with diverse sequences can be found within the same geographic area, while closely related viruses have been isolated in far distant regions, suggesting that widespread dispersion of CCHFV has occurred at times in the past, possibly by ticks carried on migratory birds or through the international livestock trade. Reassortment among genome segments during co-infection of ticks or vertebrates appears to have played an important role in generating diversity, and represents a potential future source of novel viruses. In this article, we first review current knowledge of CCHFV, summarizing its molecular biology, maintenance and transmission, epidemiology and geographic range. We also include an extensive discussion of CCHFV genetic diversity, including maps of the range of the virus with superimposed phylogenetic trees. We then review the features of CCHF, including the clinical syndrome, diagnosis, treatment, pathogenesis, vaccine development and laboratory animal models of CCHF. The paper ends with a discussion of the possible future geographic range of the virus. For the benefit of researchers, we include a Supplementary Table listing all published reports of CCHF cases and outbreaks in the English-language literature, plus some principal articles in other languages, with total case numbers, case fatality rates and all CCHFV strains on GenBank.

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Section: Role Of Birds In the Maintenance And Spread Of Cchfvsupporting

confidence: 52%

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: History, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity

et al. 2013

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“…Also, in the same study, low CCHF viremia was detected in a blue-helmeted guinea fowl (Numidia meleagris) after experimental infection with CCHFV. In another more recent study, antibodies were detected after CCHFV inoculation in a red-beaked hornbill and a glossy starling (but not in two laughing doves or six domestic chickens); however, none of the birds showed detectable viremia (Zeller et al, 1994). Another interesting exception has been the disease's apparent association with the commercial ostrich meat industry in South Africa.…”

Section: Vertebrate Reservoir Hostsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever

2004

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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne disease caused by the arbovirus Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), which is a member of the Nairovirus genus (family Bunyaviridae). CCHF was first recognized during a large outbreak among agricultural workers in the mid-1940s in the Crimean peninsula. The disease now occurs sporadically throughout much of Africa, Asia, and Europe and results in an approximately 30% fatality rate. After a short incubation period, CCHF is characterized by a sudden onset of high fever, chills, severe headache, dizziness, back, and abdominal pains. Additional symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, neuropsychiatric, and cardiovascular changes. In severe cases, hemorrhagic manifestations, ranging from petechiae to large areas of ecchymosis, develop. Numerous genera of ixodid ticks serve both as vector and reservoir for CCHFV; however, ticks in the genus Hyalomma are particularly important to the ecology of this virus. In fact, occurrence of CCHF closely approximates the known world distribution of Hyalomma spp. ticks. Therefore, exposure to these ticks represents a major risk factor for contracting disease; however, other important risk factors are known and are discussed in this review. In recent years, major advances in the molecular detection of CCHFV, particularly the use of real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in clinical and tick samples have allowed for both rapid diagnosis of disease and molecular epidemiology studies. Treatment options for CCHF are limited. Immunotherapy and ribavirin have been tried with varying degrees of success during sporadic outbreaks of disease, but no case-controlled trials have been conducted. Consequently, there is currently no antiviral treatment for CCHF approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, renewed interested in CCHFV, as well as increased knowledge of its basic biology, may lead to improved therapies in the future. This article reviews the history, epidemiology, ecology, clinical features, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of CCHF. In addition, recent advances in the molecular biology of CCHFV are presented, and issues related to its possible use as a bioterrorism agent are discussed.

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“…Transmission experiments were conducted in domestic chickens and guineafowl, showing that the latter develop a transient viraemia . Subsequently, it was found that a few species of wild birds tested in West Africa failed to develop demonstrable viraemia following experimental infection (Zeller et al, 1994). The study conducted by Shepherd et al, 1987 on free-ranging birds demonstrated that ostriches exhibit a much higher prevalence of infection compared to other birds.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 96%

Crimean‐Congo haemorrhagic fever in ostriches: A public health risk for countries of the European Union?

Capua

1998

Avian Pathology

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Experimental Transmission of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus by West African Wild Ground-Feeding Birds to Hyalomma marginatum rufipes Ticks

Cited by 98 publications

References 0 publications

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: History, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: History, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity

Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever

Crimean‐Congo haemorrhagic fever in ostriches: A public health risk for countries of the European Union?

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