Experimental tests of genetic divergence of farmed from wild Atlantic salmon due to domestication

Fleming, Ian A.; Einum, Sigurd

doi:10.1016/s1054-3139(97)80009-4

Cited by 197 publications

(222 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…(K. Hindar, unpublished data). Moreover, parallel experiments using nongenetically marked ¢shes have produced similar results to those found in the present release experiment Einum & Fleming 1997;Fleming & Einum 1997; present experimental arena study). The selected farm salmon were larger (mean length § s.d.ˆ575 § 34 mm) than the native salmon (545 § 39 mm) (F 1,35ˆ6 .75 and pˆ0.014 and no sex or interaction e¡ects p 4 0.30) re£ecting the natural size di¡erence.…”

Section: (A) Anadromous Adults and Breeding Successsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…For rates of gene £ow re£ecting average proportions of escaped salmon in the North Atlantic, the half-life of the di¡er-ence would be in the order of ten generations. As farm salmon have been shown to di¡er genetically from their wild origin in allele frequencies, allelic diversity and quantitative traits (Fleming & Einum 1997;MjÖlnerÖd et al 1997;Norris et al 1999), it is clear that escaped farm salmon may have wide-ranging genetic e¡ects on native salmon populations. Such e¡ects are frequently negative (reviewed by Hindar et al 1991) and purging by natural selection will be hindered by the annual, repeated invasions of escaped farm salmon.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lifetime success and interactions of farm salmon invading a native population

Fleming

Hindar

Mjølnerød

et al. 2000

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

472

566

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Farm Atlantic salmon escape and invade rivers throughout the North Atlantic annually, which has generated growing concern about their impacts on native salmon populations. A large-scale experiment was therefore undertaken in order to quantify the lifetime success and interactions of farm salmon invading a Norwegian river. Sexually mature farm and native salmon were genetically screened, radio tagged and released into the River Imsa where no other salmon had been allowed to ascend. The farm ¢shes were competitively and reproductively inferior, achieving less than one-third the breeding success of the native ¢shes. Moreover, this inferiority was sex biased, being more pronounced in farm males than females, resulting in the principal route of gene £ow involving native males mating with farm females. There were also indications of selection against farm genotypes during early survival but not thereafter. However, evidence of resource competition and competitive displacement existed as the productivity of the native population was depressed by more than 30%. Ultimately, the lifetime reproductive success (adult to adult) of the farm ¢shes was 16% that of the native salmon. Our results indicate that such annual invasions have the potential for impacting on population productivity, disrupting local adaptations and reducing the genetic diversity of wild salmon populations.

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Section: (A) Anadromous Adults and Breeding Successsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lifetime success and interactions of farm salmon invading a native population

Fleming

Hindar

Mjølnerød

et al. 2000

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

472

566

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, the supplementation of wild stocks can be economically inefficient if the hatchery environment leads to genetic or environmental effects that cause fish to suffer reduced fitness after release (Reisenbichler and Rubin 1999;Fleming and Petersson 2001). Also, if released fish differ genetically from wild stocks Fleming and Einum 1997), and if hatchery and wild fish intermingle, then adaptive gene frequencies of wild populations could be altered (Lynch and O'Hely 2001). Huntingford (2004Huntingford ( , 2005 proposed a scenario through which the hatchery environment can produce individuals that behave maladaptively in the wild.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability of behavioral syndromes but plasticity in individual behavior: consequences for rockfish stock enhancement

Lee

Bereijikian

2007

Environ Biol Fish

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This study investigated behavioral syndromes, which are defined as correlations between behaviors. Behavioral syndromes can lead to the unintentional alteration of a wide range of behavioral traits of hatchery fish if unintentional selection on one behavior leads to selection on a correlated behavior. Specifically, this study used brown rockfish, Sebastes auriculatus, to test the hypothesis that a fish that feeds at high rates in the absence of a predator also takes more risks when a predator is present, and that through such a correlation, unintentional hatchery selection for high feeding rates may also lead to changes in risk taking behavior (here defined as behavior that increases predation risk). Behavioral syndromes were found-feeding behavior in the absence of a predator tended to correlate positively with both feeding behavior in the presence of a predator model and time near the model. These syndromes were stable through time-that is, the same correlations appeared 10 days later when the behavioral assays were repeated. However individual behavior was inconsistent (plastic). A fish could both feed and take risks at high rates on Day 1, but then both feed and take risks at low rates on Day 10. Thus, while behavioral syndromes were stable (i.e. present in both rounds 1 and 2), individuals were plastic in their behavior (i.e. inconsistent between rounds 1 and 2). After 16 weeks of hatchery rearing, neither growth nor survival were predicted by behavior. It is suggested that the behavioral plasticity within individuals through time makes consistent selection for strong feeders less likely, and that species with more plastic behavior may be less susceptible to unintentional selection on behavioral syndromes than species with behavior that is more fixed.

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“…In the worst case, such introgression of non-adaptive genes into a local population may lead to extinction. Though direct experimental evidence is, as yet, very limited, work on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) has demonstrated reduced survival and life-time success for farmed and hybrid offspring compared to wild salmon progeny (Fleming and Einum, 1997;McGinnity et al, 1997;Fleming et al, 2000;McGinnity et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%