“…To this extent, beams are mounted together, and these structures are called frames (Ansell, 2005; Antes et al, 2004; Lin and Ro, 2003; Lin and Wu, 2005; Mead, 2002; Moon and Choi, 2000; Ovunc, 1974; Rafezy et al, 2007). The most recent example of these structures in mechanical engineering can be given as three-dimensional load-carrying systems in aerospace structures that require lightweight and stiffness simultaneously (Kaiser et al, 2017; Wallner et al, 2010; Zbrowski, 2014). As assemblies of multiple beams, frame structures display similar behaviour to the beams but with a more complex nature.…”