Abstract:The swelling properties of expansive soil at different depths were investigated by the laboratory model test. It was experimentally found that the swelling deformation of different expansive soil layers was obviously different under unidirectional seepage. Pore solution collection boxes were designed to collect the pore solution of different soil layer interfaces during the saturation process. Cation concentration tests were then used to analyze the migration regulation of cations in these soil layers. Results… Show more
“…3 , 4 , and 5 , the maximum S a of 18% and S p of 93 kPa is measured at MMC of 43%, (Ca/Na) T of 10–14, and (Ca/Na) L of 2–7. The results obtained in the present study are in well agreement with the studies reported by Shi et al 24 , She et al 72 , and Abd-Allah et al 73 , who have reported properties of MMC, chemical and swelling parameters that are found to be falling in the range of data produced by the presented study.…”
Microlevel properties such as mineralogical and chemical compositions greatly control the macro behaviour of expansive soils. In this paper, the combined effect of mineral (i.e. montmorillonite, MMC) and chemical contents (i.e. Ca and Na in their total (T), leachable (L) and exchangeable form (CEC)) on swelling behaviour is investigated in a comprehensive way. Several 3-dimensional (3D) graphs correlating MMC and Ca/Na ratio, together, with swelling property (swelling potential, Sa, and swelling pressure, Sp) are developed. 3D plots, in general, portrayed a non-linear relationship of Sa and Sp with MMC and Ca/Na ratio, together. It is hypothesized that swelling initially is triggered by chemical parameters due to their quick and rapid ionization capability, but the overall swelling phenomenon is largely controlled by MMC. It is importantly found that expansive soils are dominant with divalent Ca++ ions up to MMC of 67% and beyond this percentage, monovalent Na+ ions are prevalent. From the interpretation of results, the maximum Sa of 18% and Sp of 93 kPa is measured at MMC of 43%, (Ca/Na)T of 10–14 and (Ca/Na)L of 2–7. It is concluded from study that total CEC + MMC for determining Sa and (Ca/Na)T + MMC for determining Sp are superior parameters to be considered. The findings of the study also excellently endorsed the results of Foster32, who stated that ionization of Na or Ca depends on the constituent mineral contents. The findings presented herein are unique, interesting and bear very practical significance, as no earlier research work reported such findings by accounting for chemical and mineralogical parameters impact, in tandem, on swelling properties.
“…3 , 4 , and 5 , the maximum S a of 18% and S p of 93 kPa is measured at MMC of 43%, (Ca/Na) T of 10–14, and (Ca/Na) L of 2–7. The results obtained in the present study are in well agreement with the studies reported by Shi et al 24 , She et al 72 , and Abd-Allah et al 73 , who have reported properties of MMC, chemical and swelling parameters that are found to be falling in the range of data produced by the presented study.…”
Microlevel properties such as mineralogical and chemical compositions greatly control the macro behaviour of expansive soils. In this paper, the combined effect of mineral (i.e. montmorillonite, MMC) and chemical contents (i.e. Ca and Na in their total (T), leachable (L) and exchangeable form (CEC)) on swelling behaviour is investigated in a comprehensive way. Several 3-dimensional (3D) graphs correlating MMC and Ca/Na ratio, together, with swelling property (swelling potential, Sa, and swelling pressure, Sp) are developed. 3D plots, in general, portrayed a non-linear relationship of Sa and Sp with MMC and Ca/Na ratio, together. It is hypothesized that swelling initially is triggered by chemical parameters due to their quick and rapid ionization capability, but the overall swelling phenomenon is largely controlled by MMC. It is importantly found that expansive soils are dominant with divalent Ca++ ions up to MMC of 67% and beyond this percentage, monovalent Na+ ions are prevalent. From the interpretation of results, the maximum Sa of 18% and Sp of 93 kPa is measured at MMC of 43%, (Ca/Na)T of 10–14 and (Ca/Na)L of 2–7. It is concluded from study that total CEC + MMC for determining Sa and (Ca/Na)T + MMC for determining Sp are superior parameters to be considered. The findings of the study also excellently endorsed the results of Foster32, who stated that ionization of Na or Ca depends on the constituent mineral contents. The findings presented herein are unique, interesting and bear very practical significance, as no earlier research work reported such findings by accounting for chemical and mineralogical parameters impact, in tandem, on swelling properties.
“…Usually, the soil will shrink with the reduction of moisture content and swell with the increase in moisture content [ 8 , 9 ]. Clay soil has high plasticity, low support, and high shrinkage when the soil contains water [ 9 , 10 ]. This condition encouraged civil engineers to seek solutions in order to strengthen the soil through soil stabilization [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Clay soil has high plasticity, low support, and high shrinkage when the soil contains water [ 9 , 10 ]. This condition encouraged civil engineers to seek solutions in order to strengthen the soil through soil stabilization [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Soil stabilization aims to increase the mechanical properties of the soil and also to control plasticity and shrinkage in soils containing excess water [ 4 , 8 , 9 , 10 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This condition encouraged civil engineers to seek solutions in order to strengthen the soil through soil stabilization [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Soil stabilization aims to increase the mechanical properties of the soil and also to control plasticity and shrinkage in soils containing excess water [ 4 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. In order to successfully withstand superstructure loads, soil stabilization techniques are essential to ascertain the excellent stability of soil [ 6 , 9 , 10 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Soil stabilization aims to increase the mechanical properties of the soil and also to control plasticity and shrinkage in soils containing excess water [ 4 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. In order to successfully withstand superstructure loads, soil stabilization techniques are essential to ascertain the excellent stability of soil [ 6 , 9 , 10 ].…”
This study intended to address the problem of damaged (collapsed, cracked and decreased soil strength) road pavement structure built on clay soil due to clay soil properties such as low shear strength, high soil compressibility, low soil permeability, low soil strength, and high soil plasticity. Previous research reported that ground granulated blast slag (GGBS) and fly ash can be used for clay soil stabilizations, but the results of past research indicate that the road pavement construction standards remained unfulfilled, especially in terms of clay’s subgrade soil. Due to this reason, this study is carried out to further investigate soil stabilization using GGBS and fly ash-based geopolymer processes. This study investigates the effects of GGBS and ratios of fly ash (solid) to alkaline activator (liquid) of 1:1, 1.5:1, 2:1, 2.5:1, and 3:1, cured for 1 and 7 days. The molarity of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and the ratio of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) to sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was fixed at 10 molar and 2.0 weight ratio. The mechanical properties of the soil stabilization based geopolymer process were tested using an unconfined compression test, while the characterization of soil stabilization was investigated using the plastic limit test, liquid limit test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the highest strength obtained was 3.15 MPA with a GGBS to alkaline activator ratio of 1.5 and Na2SiO3 to NaOH ratio of 2.0 at 7 days curing time. These findings are useful in enhancing knowledge in the field of soil stabilization-based geopolymer, especially for applications in pavement construction. In addition, it can be used as a reference for academicians, civil engineers, and geotechnical engineers.
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