Experimental Study on the Possibilities of FDM Direct Colour Printing and Its Implications on Mechanical Properties and Surface Quality of the Resulting Parts

Tămăşag, Ioan; Suciu, Cornel; Beşliu, Irina; Dulucheanu, Constantin; Cerlincă, Delia-Aurora

doi:10.3390/polym14235173

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Other explanations for this phenomenon may be due to the increased adhesion between the layers due to the density changes of the test specimens, proven in the literature [ 43 , 44 ], where the authors concluded that by increasing the nozzle size, the density of the specimens also increases. Another explanation may be the fact that the wider the nozzle diameter, the longer the layers stay at a maintenance temperature that allows the material to settle better due to thermal convection [ 34 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was observed that by increasing the nozzle diameter, the apparent density of the specimens changes, and significant voids appear in the internal structure of the specimens with sizes up to 254 µm when using 0.8 mm diameter nozzles. Moreover, in some cases, the material shows air pores due to nozzle wear or gas evacuation produced by filament moisture [ 34 ], leading to morphological changes in the material and, consequently, to the size and homogeneity of the specimen’s apparent section ( Figure 16 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, in the research domain, the tendency to replace post-processing with in-processing technologies was observed. The speciality literature offers a series of research studies based on in-process applications meant to improve the mechanical properties, surface quality, or even colourisation of the parts [ 33 , 34 , 35 ]. However, related to the influence of in-process heat treatment, the literature provides limited information, especially on Martens hardness, which represents a research opportunity and provides this study the novelty of this research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Study of In-Process Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Thermoplastic Polymer PLA

et al. 2023

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The scientific literature regarding additive manufacturing, mainly the material extrusion method, suggests that the mechanical characteristics of the parts obtained by this technology depend on a number of the input factors specific to the printing process, such as printing temperature, printing trajectory, layer height, etc., and also on the post-process operations for parts, which, unfortunately, requires supplementary setups, equipment, and multiple steps that raise the overall costs. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the influence of the printing direction, the thickness of the deposited material layer, and the temperature of the previously deposited material layer on the part tensile strength, hardness by means of Shore D and Martens hardness, and surface finish by using an in-process annealing method. A Taguchi L9 DOE plan was developed for this purpose, where the test specimens, with dimensions according to ISO 527-2 type B, were analysed. The results showed that the presented in-process treatment method is possible and could lead to sustainable and cost-effective manufacturing processes. The varied input factors influenced all the studied parameters. Tensile strength tended to increase, up to 12.5%, when the in-process heat treatment was applied, showed a positive linear variation with nozzle diameter, and presented considerable variations with the printing direction. Shore D and Martens hardness had similar variations, and it could be observed that by applying the mentioned in-process heat treatment, the overall values tended to decrease. Printing direction had a negligible impact on the additively manufactured parts’ hardness. At the same time, the nozzle diameter presented considerable variations, up to 36% for Martens hardness and 4% for Shore D, when higher diameter nozzles were used. The ANOVA analysis highlighted that the statistically significant factors were the nozzle diameter for the part’s hardness and the printing direction for the tensile strength.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Study of In-Process Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Thermoplastic Polymer PLA

et al. 2023

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“…The response surface methodology (RSM) design of the experiment was employed to generate 30 different trial conditions (refer to Figure 1), each with 3 input parameter levels. Other factors such as material color and color percentage were neglected as these factors have a negligible effect on surface roughness [29]. The CAD model (refer to Figure 2) was sliced using Ultimaker Cura software to generate G-code.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) and Supervised Machine Learning-based Algorithms for Prediction of Surface Roughness of Additively Manufactured Polylactic Acid (PLA) Specimens

et al. 2023

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Structural integrity is a crucial aspect of engineering components, particularly in the field of additive manufacturing (AM). Surface roughness is a vital parameter that significantly influences the structural integrity of additively manufactured parts. This research work focuses on the prediction of the surface roughness of additive-manufactured polylactic acid (PLA) specimens using eight different supervised machine learning regression-based algorithms. For the first time, explainable AI techniques are employed to enhance the interpretability of the machine learning models. The nine algorithms used in this study are Support Vector Regression, Random Forest, XGBoost, AdaBoost, CatBoost, Decision Tree, the Extra Tree Regressor, the Explainable Boosting Model (EBM), and the Gradient Boosting Regressor. This study analyzes the performance of these algorithms to predict the surface roughness of PLA specimens, while also investigating the impacts of individual input parameters through explainable AI methods. The experimental results indicate that the XGBoost algorithm outperforms the other algorithms with the highest coefficient of determination value of 0.9634. This value demonstrates that the XGBoost algorithm provides the most accurate predictions for surface roughness compared with other algorithms. This study also provides a comparative analysis of the performance of all the algorithms used in this study, along with insights derived from explainable AI techniques.

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“…The literature provides multiple studies that analyse the influence of printing conditions and parameters and post-processing methods on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed parts, especially FDM [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Several researchers have contributed with comprehensive reviews on these issues [ 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of 3D Printing Conditions on Some Physical–Mechanical and Technological Properties of PCL Wood-Based Polymer Parts Manufactured by FDM

2023

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The paper investigates the influence of some 3D printing conditions on some physical–mechanical and technological properties of polycaprolactone (PCL) wood-based biopolymer parts manufactured by FDM. Parts with 100% infill and the geometry according to ISO 527 Type 1B were printed on a semiprofessional desktop FDM printer. A full factorial design with three independent variables at three levels was considered. Some physical–mechanical properties (weight error, fracture temperature, ultimate tensile strength) and technological properties (top and lateral surface roughness, cutting machinability) were experimentally assessed. For the surface texture analysis, a white light interferometer was used. Regression equations for some of the investigated parameters were obtained and analysed. Higher printing speeds than those usually reported in the existing literature dealing with wood-based polymers’ 3D printing had been tested. Overall, the highest level chosen for the printing speed positively influenced the surface roughness and the ultimate tensile strength of the 3D-printed parts. The cutting machinability of the printed parts was investigated by means of cutting force criteria. The results showed that the PCL wood-based polymer analysed in this study had lower machinability than natural wood.

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Experimental Study on the Possibilities of FDM Direct Colour Printing and Its Implications on Mechanical Properties and Surface Quality of the Resulting Parts

Cited by 6 publications

References 34 publications

Experimental Study of In-Process Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Thermoplastic Polymer PLA

Experimental Study of In-Process Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Thermoplastic Polymer PLA

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) and Supervised Machine Learning-based Algorithms for Prediction of Surface Roughness of Additively Manufactured Polylactic Acid (PLA) Specimens

Influence of 3D Printing Conditions on Some Physical–Mechanical and Technological Properties of PCL Wood-Based Polymer Parts Manufactured by FDM

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