“…Research on material ratcheting in literature highly focuses on various aspects of metallic/nonmetallic, ductile/brittle, plastic/viscoplastic, and softening/hardening responses. Ratcheting of metallic materials mainly included (i) ferrous alloys, carbon steels, [36][37][38][39][40][41][42] 42CrMo, 304, and SA333 steel alloys [43][44][45][46][47] and (ii) nonferrous alloys, copper alloys, 19,48 aluminium, 49 titanium, 50 and Inconel 51 alloys. Ferrous and nonferrous metallic alloys were categorized as softened and hardened materials over stress cycles.…”