Experimental Study on Behavior of Bow-tie Tree Generation by Using Heavy Water

Kumazawa, T.; Nakagawa, Wataru; Tsurumaru, Hidekazu

doi:10.1541/ieejfms.126.863

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Substituting the values v n = 2.2 × 10 5 cm/s and σ nM = 0.113 b, we obtain following equation: δN 0 /N 0 = x n n (0.35 × 2.2 × 10 5 × 0.113 × 10 -24 ) = 8.7 × 10 -21 x n n (39) Therefore, the value n n in this case is expressed as…”

Section: (I) 137 55 Csmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Cold Fusion Phenomenon – Nuclear Reactions in the CF Materials at Around Room Temperature

Kozima¹

2021

IJHEP

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Since the discovery of nuclear reactions in PdD x alloys at around room temperature in 1989, there have been accumulated very many experimental data sets showing existence of nuclear reactions in solid materials composed of transition metals and occluded hydrogen isotopes (let us call them the CF materials, for short) resulting in various nuclear products such as neutrons, tritium, transmuted nuclei, and others accompanied with large excess energies at relatively low temperatures up to 1000°C (let us call these whole events the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP), for short). As the cause of these nuclear reactions in the CFP, we have to accept the existence of the interactions between nuclei in the CF material through the nuclear force (let us call this interaction the nuclear-force interaction, for short) recognized its existence in the nucleus in the nuclear physics. We can classify the CF materials, i.e. materials where CFP occurs, into three groups: (1) metallic material including transition-metal hydrides (e.g. NiH x , AuH x ) and deuterides (e.g. PdD x , TiD x ), (2) carbonic material including hydrogen graphite (HC x ) and XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) and (3) biological material including microorganisms, microbial cultures and biological tissues or organs. We will explain the characteristics of the CFP observed in each group in this paper. The nuclear reactions in the CF material gives rise to production of new particles from neutron, triton, and new nuclei with proton numbers Z up to 83 accompanying enormous excess energy. In addition to these events, there occurs the stabilization of unstable nuclei, including the decay-time shortening of radioactive nuclei, which is especially interesting to apply it to treat hazardous nuclear waste produced by the nuclear power plant. Finally, we give an overview of the CFP in relation to the solid state-nuclear physics and the solid state-nuclear chemistry where the nuclear-force interaction may play important roles to explain the riddles found but not given appropriate explanations in these old sciences hitherto.

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Section: (I) 137 55 Csmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Cold Fusion Phenomenon – Nuclear Reactions in the CF Materials at Around Room Temperature

Kozima¹

2021

IJHEP

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“…We previously investigated the behavior of BTTs by various immersion voltage tests using XLPE (cross‐linked polyethylene) samples. As reported earlier it was assumed that BTTs originate in an environment in which ions move inside the XLPE bulk in a certain direction for a certain time. In addition, ions rather than water were assumed to be responsible for water‐tree deterioration phenomena, and some unknown reactions involving metal ions were assumed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But there have been few systematic studies of the way in which BTT behavior depends on the type, size, shape, density, and other characteristics of the nuclei where BTTs originate, and much remains unclear. As mentioned above, considering the importance of ion diffusion, we may assume that metal impurities, being potential ions sources, contribute to BTT origination more than other impurities [5]. Actually, the diffusion of ions from metal impurities in the direction of electric field has been visualized by synchrotron radiation analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study on Dependence of Bow‐Tie Trees on Nuclei

Kumazawa

Morinaga²

2015

Electrical Engineering Japan

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SUMMARYBow-tie trees (BTTs) generated by contaminants, for example, metal, amber (overcured resin), carbon, and voids in the insulators of XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) cables still remain a factor contributing to deterioration. In order to examine the influence of contaminants on the behavior of BTT generation, we performed several experiments using XLPE samples containing copper powder, finely divided overcured resin, or micro voids as BTT nuclei. As a result of the experiments, in spite of the great difference in the distribution of particle diameter, and the shape and permittivity of the nuclei, all samples containing copper powder or overcured resin showed a common dependence of the number of BTTs on the mean size of the BTT nuclei. Consequently, there is no fundamental difference in these nuclei. We consider that the lower limit of the nucleus size suitable for BTT generation is determined by the local electric field at the tip of the nuclei and its upper limit is determined by the extent of stagnation of ions around the nuclei. Moreover, we consider that the increase in the mean size of BTTs with the initial water content was caused by relaxation of the local electric field due to absorbed water in XLPE samples. C⃝ 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 191(3): 1-8, 2015; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com).

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“…As already reported , we assumed that BTT generation requires an environment in which ions move inside the XLPE in certain directions for certain periods of time. In addition, in heavy water submersion experiments , we assumed that prevention of metal contamination contributes to BTT inhibition, and that water‐tree deterioration phenomena are related to ions rather than water. As regards the role of ions, an electrochemical mechanism was proposed to explain the initiation and development of water trees by XLPE molecular chain cleavage due to redox reactions of diffused ions .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Participation of Oxygen in the Generation and Progression of Bow‐Tie Trees

Kumazawa

Morinaga²

2014

Electrical Engineering Japan

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SUMMARY Bow‐tie trees (BTTs) generated by microscopic contaminants or voids in insulators of cross‐linked polyethylene (XLPE) cables still remain a factor contributing to deterioration. It has been reported that redox reactions of ions diffusing in XLPE lead to molecular chain cleavage. In such an electrochemical mechanism, the participation of oxygen in addition to ions is suspected. In order to examine the influence of oxygen on BTT generation and progress, we performed various experiments controlling oxygen gas by vacuum degassing, a gas barrier film, and so on. The number of BTTs and the maximum BTT length of XLPE samples aged at 60 °C increased with the water content. However, several of the data deviated significantly from these relationships. These results indicate that BTT generation and progression were promoted by vacuum degassing and inhibited by wrapping the samples with a gas barrier film or bubbling air through tap water to immerse the samples. On the whole, the behavior of BTT generation toward supplying or shielding of oxygen was not consistent. The experimental results can be qualitatively explained by diffusion or permeation of ions and water rather than oxygen gas, and thus oxygen seems not to be directly associated with BTT generation and progress.

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Experimental Study on Behavior of Bow-tie Tree Generation by Using Heavy Water

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

The Cold Fusion Phenomenon – Nuclear Reactions in the CF Materials at Around Room Temperature

The Cold Fusion Phenomenon – Nuclear Reactions in the CF Materials at Around Room Temperature

Experimental Study on Dependence of Bow‐Tie Trees on Nuclei

Low Participation of Oxygen in the Generation and Progression of Bow‐Tie Trees

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