Experimental study of vanadium carbide and carbonitride coatings

Chicco, Bruno; Borbidge, W. E.; Summerville, E.

doi:10.1016/s0921-5093(99)00035-0

Cited by 57 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Different variants of duplex processes can be found in literature where the steel is prenitrided/nitrocarburized/carburized prior to TRD processing, resulting in an accumulation of interstitial elements in the steel and thereby facilitating the formation of thicker wear layers for improved performance and/or enabling lower TRD processing temperatures [17,18,19,20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CVD and pack cementation, was investigated in Ref. [16].Different variants of duplex processes can be found in literature where the steel is prenitrided/nitrocarburized/carburized prior to TRD processing, resulting in an accumulation of interstitial elements in the steel and thereby facilitating the formation of thicker wear layers for improved performance and/or enabling lower TRD processing temperatures [17,18,19,20,21].The combination of boriding and TRD processing has been shown to impart treated components with highly intriguing properties [22]. Vast improvement of wear performance of duplex treated steel has been achieved as compared with the individual TRD or boriding processes.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Hard Surface Layers by Pack Boriding and Gaseous Thermo-Reactive Deposition and Diffusion Treatments

Christiansen

Bottoli

Dahl

et al. 2017

Materials Performance and Characterization

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Thermo-reactive deposition and diffusion (TRD) and boriding are thermochemical processes that result in very high surface hardness by conversion of the surface into carbides/nitrides and borides, respectively. These treatments offer significant advantages in terms of hardness, adhesion, tribooxidation and high wear resistance compared to other conventional surface hardening treatments. In this work 4 different materials, ARMCO, AISI 409, Uddeholm ARNE® (AISI O1 equivalent) and VANADIS® 6 PM steel representing different classes of alloys, i.e. pure iron, stainless steel and tool steels, were subjected to TRD (chromizing & titanizing) and boriding treatments. For the steels with low carbon content chromizing results in surface alloying with chromium, i.e. formation of a (soft) 'stainless' surface zone. Steels containing higher levels of carbon form chromium carbide (viz. Cr23C6, Cr7C3) layers with hardnesses up to 1800HV. Titanizing of ARNE tool steel results in a surface layer consisting of TiC with a hardness of approximately 4000 HV. Duplex treatments, where boriding is combined with subsequent (TRD) titanizing, result in formation of hard TiB2 on top of a thick layer of Fe-based borides. The obtained surface layers were characterized with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, reflected light microscopy and micro-indentation. Keywords:Boriding; Thermo-reactive deposition and diffusion (TRD); Chromizing; Titanizing; TiB2 1.IntroductionThermochemical surface engineering of metallic materials is widely applied for applications where components are exposed to (excessive) wear or where other surface characteristics are desired, e.g. fatigue and corrosion resistance [1]. Conventional and commonly applied methods include carburizing, carbo-nitriding and ferritic nitriding/nitrocarburizing in many different commercial variants. For applications where high hardness is needed, e.g. where excessive wear is encountered, boriding and thermo-reactive diffusion processes can be applied.Boriding is a process where boron is diffused into a material resulting in formation of a compound layer consisting of hard borides of the elements present in the treated substrate. When the process is applied on steels, iron borides are formed with a hardness of more than 1600 HV [2,3,4]. The borides formed are typically FeB and Fe2B as well as borides of the alloying elements, e.g. Cr andMo [2,3]. For tribological applications a single layer of Fe2B is usually preferred since it is less brittle than FeB [3,5]. Different process media are possible, including powder pack, salt bath and plasma.The Thermo Reactive Deposition and Diffusion (TRD) process was originally developed by Arai [6,7] and is also known as the Toyota diffusion process. The substrate to be treated is typically immersed in a molten (borax) salt bath containing strong carbide or nitride forming elements. The carbide/nitride forming element (e.g. V, Nb, Cr etc.) reacts with the carbon or nitrogen in the base material to form a thin reaction layer of (hard) ca...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hard Surface Layers by Pack Boriding and Gaseous Thermo-Reactive Deposition and Diffusion Treatments

Christiansen

Bottoli

Dahl

et al. 2017

Materials Performance and Characterization

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Steel substrates immersed in the salt bath are heated at temperatures ranging from 850 °C to 1050 °C (5,6) . The reactive thermodiffusion process is effective carbon content higher than 0.3% in the austenite, at TRD process temperature, and it is influenced by alloy elements in the steel substrate (5) . The thermodiffusion reactive process takes place in five distinct steps: obtaining steel tablets (samples) for machining, polishing and cleaning of samples, preparation of reagents, thermodiffusion and cleaning thermodiffused sample.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acetylene gas is the most suitable for the DLC film due to higher deposition rate of film, lower percentage of H 2 , lower operating voltage (eV) for molecules ionization and better film adhesion (3) . Vanadium carbide (VC) is one of the hardest among the transition metals carbides (molybdenum, titanium and silicon carbides) with distinct properties for cutting tools applications (5,6) . They have been used in studies for deposition of thin diamond and DLC films due to its good toughness and high wear resistance in the processes of plastic forming and machining metals (7) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thickness study of vanadium carbide interface for deposition of DLC films

Almeida¹,

Damm²,

Barquete³

et al. 2016

RBAV

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PECVD (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition) technique allows growth of wear-resistant and antifriction hard DLC films, with prevalence of sp 3 bonds in relation to hydrogen bonds. This paper presents an experimental evaluation of vanadium carbide layer (VC) thickness formed by reactive thermodiffusion process (TRD) for subsequent deposition of DLC. The salt bath is prepared by mixing the reagents: sodium tetraborate decahydrate, vanadium pentoxide and boron carbide. A crucible with lid was used, with capacity of 25 grams. The PECVD parameters used: 200 Torr vacuum, argon at 1.5 sccm, -600V at 0.05 Torr for 20 minutes; acetylene at 1sccm, -750V for 40 minutes at 0.07 Torr and 180 °C. AISI H13, D2 and O1 tool steels were used as substrates. The layers of VC were characterized by SEM, EDX and XRD, and the DLC films were characterized by SEM, EDX, indentation tests and Raman spectroscopy. The oxygen showed to be harmful to the growth of VC layers on steel substrates by reactive thermodiffusion process. The utilization of conical internal geometry with lid crucible were effective and contributed to the stabilization of thermodiffusion process, restricting oxygen environment and ensuring complete immersion of the sample, and allowing the growth of uniform and homogeneous VC layers suitable for subsequent deposition of DLC films.

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Wear Resistance of Multiphase Diffusion Carbide Coatings

2003

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Multiphase diffusion carbide coatings of the types: M 7 C 3 ± VC, M 7 C 3 ±TiC and M 7 C 3 ±VC±TiC have been produced by pack cementation method on three tool steels at 1000 C during 6 h using 15 powder mixtures. Thickness of diffusion coatings varied in the range of 14±32 lm while hardness was in the range 2012±5150 HV0,05. Phase composition of coatings depended on type of powder mixture and a steel. Hardness of coatings increased with FeV and/or FeTi concentration in the mixture while metallic luster and surface finishing increased with FeCr content. The maximum wear resistance was achieved for M 7 C 3 ±VC±TiC coating formed in the mixture containing Ti, V, Cr in the mass proportion 4:4:2. Coatings of lower hardness, formed in Cr-rich mixtures worn mainly by microcutting and grooving while harder coatings formed in V-rich mixtures worn mainly by oxidation. Appearance of brown turnish on the surface of the latter coatings lowered the wear intensity. No difference in wear mechanism and intensity was found for the same type of coating formed on different steel matrix.The goal of diffusion metallizing (chromizing, vanadizing, titanizing) consists on producing strongly adherent corrosion and wear resistant coatings characterized generally by a high hardness. [1±3] Despite of an important progress in developing new methods and techniques of surface modification there are still demands for simple and cheap technologies. Diffusion pack cementation belongs to such methods, its modification brings quickly economical advantages. [4±6] The great advantage of this method is that ferroalloys, the main component of powders, are relatively cheap and easily accessible. Moreover a powder mixture can be used several times because ferroalloy grains of average size 60 lm are exploited only in several microns per process. The exploited layer of grains is then eliminated by barreling before next application.Mechanism of formation of monolayer carbide coatings on ferritic alloys is well known. It was found [5] that M 7 C 3 coating grew inward a steel due to external Cr diffusion while TiC or VC coating grew outward from the original surface due to carbon diffusion from a steel through the forming coating. [7,8] There is a lack of information in the literature on the formation of carbide layers by simultaneous diffusion of several carbide forming metals into Fe±C-rich alloys. Codiffusion of Cr and V into a low-C steel described in [9] leads to formation of solid solution coatings. Chromizing applied after vanadizing enabled to produce a two-layers coating: VC M 7 C 3.[10] Earlier investigations [11±12] proved that the chemical and phase composition as well as hardness of an individual layer could be varied in a relatively broad range by changing composition of powder mixture. It was shown [12] using FeV±FeCr± FeTi mixtures that both single phase and multiphase diffusion carbide coatings could be formed on steels. Multiphase coatings consist of carbide layers of different composition, Table 1. Compositon of tool steels used as matrix...

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Experimental study of vanadium carbide and carbonitride coatings

Cited by 57 publications

References 9 publications

Hard Surface Layers by Pack Boriding and Gaseous Thermo-Reactive Deposition and Diffusion Treatments

Hard Surface Layers by Pack Boriding and Gaseous Thermo-Reactive Deposition and Diffusion Treatments

Thickness study of vanadium carbide interface for deposition of DLC films

Wear Resistance of Multiphase Diffusion Carbide Coatings

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