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The low-temperature oxidation of n-heptane, one of the reference species for the octane rating of gasoline, was investigated using a jet-stirred reactor and two methods of analysis: gas chromatography and synchrotron vacuum ultra-violet photo-ionization mass spectrometry (SVUV-PIMS) with direct sampling through a molecular jet. The second method allowed the identification of products, such as molecules with hydroperoxy functions, which are not stable enough to be detected using gas chromatography. Mole fractions of the reactants and reaction products were measured as a function of temperature (500-1100K), at a residence time of 2s, at a pressure of 800 torr (1.06 bar) and at stoichiometric conditions. The fuel was diluted in an inert gas (fuel inlet mole fraction of 0.005). Attention was paid to the formation of reaction products involved in the low temperature oxidation of n-heptane, such as olefins, cyclic ethers, aldehydes, ketones, species with two carbonyl groups (diones) and ketohydroperoxides. Diones and ketohydroperoxides are important intermediates in the low temperature oxidation of n-alkanes but their formation have rarely been reported. Significant amounts of organic acids (acetic and propanoic acids) were also observed at low temperature. The comparison of experimental data and profiles computed using an automatically generated detailed kinetic model is overall satisfactory. A route for the formation of acetic and propanoic acids was proposed. Quantum calculations were performed to refine the consumption routes of ketohydroperoxides towards diones.
The low-temperature oxidation of n-heptane, one of the reference species for the octane rating of gasoline, was investigated using a jet-stirred reactor and two methods of analysis: gas chromatography and synchrotron vacuum ultra-violet photo-ionization mass spectrometry (SVUV-PIMS) with direct sampling through a molecular jet. The second method allowed the identification of products, such as molecules with hydroperoxy functions, which are not stable enough to be detected using gas chromatography. Mole fractions of the reactants and reaction products were measured as a function of temperature (500-1100K), at a residence time of 2s, at a pressure of 800 torr (1.06 bar) and at stoichiometric conditions. The fuel was diluted in an inert gas (fuel inlet mole fraction of 0.005). Attention was paid to the formation of reaction products involved in the low temperature oxidation of n-heptane, such as olefins, cyclic ethers, aldehydes, ketones, species with two carbonyl groups (diones) and ketohydroperoxides. Diones and ketohydroperoxides are important intermediates in the low temperature oxidation of n-alkanes but their formation have rarely been reported. Significant amounts of organic acids (acetic and propanoic acids) were also observed at low temperature. The comparison of experimental data and profiles computed using an automatically generated detailed kinetic model is overall satisfactory. A route for the formation of acetic and propanoic acids was proposed. Quantum calculations were performed to refine the consumption routes of ketohydroperoxides towards diones.
The sections in this article are Introduction Theory Phenomenology Negative Temperature Coefficient ( NTC ) Stabilized Cool Flames Chemical Kinetics Applications Liquid Fuel Evaporation for Premixed Combustion Liquid Fuel Reforming for Fuel Cell Applications Internal Combustion Engines Knocking Low‐Temperature Combustion and HCCI Engines Lean Premixed Prevaporized Combustion in Gas Turbines Industrial Safety Numerical Modeling of Stabilized Cool Flame Reactors One‐Dimensional Chemical Kinetics Simulation of a Linear Flow SCF Reactor Two‐Dimensional Two‐Phase CFD Simulation of a Linear Flow SCF Reactor Three‐Dimensional Two‐Phase CFD Simulation of a Recirculating Flow SCF Reactor Outlook Summary
The sections in this article are Introduction Present Situation HCCI Engines, A New Alternative HCCI Combustion Definition Problem of Implementing the HCCI Method Chemical Kinetics in HCCI Combustion Chemical Combustion Mechanism of Iso‐Octane Low‐Temperature Interval Intermediate‐Temperature Interval High‐Temperature Interval Chemical Combustion Mechanism of Iso‐octane Chemical Combustion Mechanism of Toluene Initiation Reactions Benzene Sub‐Mechanism Resume of the Auto‐Ignition Process Kinetic Mechanisms for the Study of HCCI Combustion General Discussion about the Cool Flame Phenomenon Reduced Kinetic Mechanisms Experimental Validation of a Reduced Kinetic Mechanism Controlling Strategies Control Methods Kinetic Mechanisms to Control the Auto‐Ignition Existing Applications of the HCCI Engine and its Future Conclusions
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