“…Wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) technology has been extensively used to measure gas characteristics in areas such as greenhouse gas and atmospheric pollutant monitoring [ 1 , 2 ], combustion monitoring [ 3 , 4 ], and industrial process control [ 5 , 6 , 7 ] due to its noise rejection, high measurement accuracy, simplicity, and fast response time [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”