Experimental study of the lower flammability limits of H2/O2/CO2 mixture

Hu, Xianzhong; Xie, Qing; Zhang, Juan; Yu, Qingbo; Liu, Hui; Sun, Yasong

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.07.033

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…H 2 gas is regarded as a form of green energy for future sustainable communities . Although it is flammable over a wide range of concentrations from 4% to 74.2% by volume, it is very safe in the surroundings of pure H 2 gas, which is exactly the case in HGBs . Therefore, it is highly believed that there is no safety issue in the development of HGBs for LSES if proper precautionary measures are complied with.…”

Section: Hydrogen Gas Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…27 Although it is flammable over a wide range of concentrations from 4% to 74.2% by volume, it is very safe in the surroundings of pure H 2 gas, which is exactly the case in HGBs. 772 Therefore, it is highly believed that there is no safety issue in the development of HGBs for LSES if proper precautionary measures are complied with. In this section, we have discussed recent progress on the understanding and development of HGBs by integrating low-cost bifunctional catalysts with various cathode materials.…”

Section: Summary and Future Perspectives For Hgbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rechargeable Batteries for Grid Scale Energy Storage

et al. 2022

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Ever-increasing global energy consumption has driven the development of renewable energy technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Battery energy storage systems (BESS) with high electrochemical performance are critical for enabling renewable yet intermittent sources of energy such as solar and wind. In recent years, numerous new battery technologies have been achieved and showed great potential for grid scale energy storage (GSES) applications. However, their practical applications have been greatly impeded due to the gap between the breakthroughs achieved in research laboratories and the industrial applications. In addition, various complex applications call for different battery performances. Matching of diverse batteries to various applications is required to promote practical energy storage research achievement. This review provides indepth discussion and comprehensive consideration in the battery research field for GSES. The overall requirements of battery technologies for practical applications with key parameters are systematically analyzed by generating standards and measures for GSES. We also discuss recent progress and existing challenges for some representative battery technologies with great promise for GSES, including metal-ion batteries, lead−acid batteries, molten-salt batteries, alkaline batteries, redox-flow batteries, metal−air batteries, and hydrogen-gas batteries. Moreover, we emphasize the importance of bringing emerging battery technologies from academia to industry. Our perspectives on the future development of batteries for GSES applications are provided.

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Section: Hydrogen Gas Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Summary and Future Perspectives For Hgbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rechargeable Batteries for Grid Scale Energy Storage

et al. 2022

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“…In this table, the emphasis is on experimental work in which the FLs were determined with vessels of different volumes and/or geometries. As observed in Figure , there are 73 works in which cylindrical vessels were used, ,,,,,,− 62 works in which spherical vessels were used, ,,,,− ...…”

Section: Experimental Determination Of the Flammability Limitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…General characteristics of most common experimental equipment used to determine the flammability limits. (a) Experimental works with cylindrical vessels. ,,,,,,− (b) Experimental works with spherical vessels. ,,,,− …”

Section: Experimental Determination Of the Flammability Limitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flammability Limits: A Comprehensive Review of Theory, Experiments, and Estimation Methods

Mendiburu

Carvalho

2023

Energy Fuels

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Flammability limits play an important role in combustion research, industrial applications, and fire safety. This article provides a comprehensive review of recent developments in the fundamental understanding of flammability limits and their experimental determination as well as estimation methods for pure fuels and fuel mixtures. The article begins with a discussion of the importance and challenges of determining flammability limits. It then presents the theoretical, computational, and experimental methods available to understand the mechanism of flammability limits and to quantify them. The experimental setups using cylindrical and spherical vessels to determine the flammability limits are discussed. The effects of buoyancy, thermal radiation, and flame stretch are examined. The relationship between the fundamental flammability limits and the extinction limits of stretched flames via strain and radiation is presented. The effects of initial temperature, pressure, mixtures of different fuels, and diluents are examined, and available estimation methods are presented. Finally, the flammability limits of renewable and alternative fuels are addressed and strategies for estimating the flammability limits of these fuels are presented.

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“…1,2 However, H 2 is flammable and explosive, and when handled without care during transportation and storage, its leakage poses risks and safety issues. 3–5 To ensure safety, it is imperative to develop H 2 sensors with high sensitivity, a low detection limit, and a fast response–recovery rate. 6,7…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%