Experimental study of the effect of liquid nitrogen cooling on rock pore structure

Effect of liquid nitrogen cooling on the permeability and mechanical characteristics of anisotropic shale

“…Based on the present experimental results, all mechanical parameters of the saturated and LN 2 -treated samples were lower than those of dry and LN 2 -treated ones. It can be concluded that the coupled effect of hydration stress, frost heaving pressure and thermal stress can further exacerbate the damage of the shale, thus (Cai et al 2014). a × 2500, b × 5000 resulting in a much larger reduction in the mechanical properties and an increasing in the permeability.…”

“…Cha et al (2014) and also performed laboratory tests on cryogenic fracturing with LN 2 and found that LN 2 cooling could cause sandstone, concrete and shale to produce many interlaced micro-cracks, and decrease the initiation pressure by 40%. Moreover, Cai et al (2014Cai et al ( , 2015 and Cheng et al (2017) also noted that LN 2 cooling can increase the pore connectivity and permeability of shale and coal and reduce their bearing capacity. Although considerable efforts have been made to develop the cryogenic fracturing using LN 2 , but these studies mainly focused on the change in rock micro-cracks after LN 2 cooling, and only a few publications mentioned on the change in the damage characteristics and mechanical properties of rocks.…”

Forced Circulation of Nitrogen Gas for Accelerated and Eco-Friendly Cooling of Metallic Parts

“…Several studies have been performed on the nitrogen cooling process [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. To enhance the cooling rate under operating conditions, liquid nitrogen cooling has been performed.…”

“…Manikandan et al [16] reduced microsegregation by enhancing the weld cooling rate using liquid nitrogen cooling during the gas tungsten arc welding process. Additionally, as the liquid nitrogen cooling increased the fracture degree inside the solids, liquid nitrogen has also been used to bring about thermal damage cooling as a fracturing fluid [17,18].…”

Numerical modeling of permeability evolution based on degradation approach during progressive failure of brittle rocks

“…The interaction between these changes, known as hydro-mechanical coupling, significantly affects the sealability of these zones and both the short-and long-term stability of the excavation. The range of application includes tunneling, coal mining, coal methane extraction, oil and gas extraction, hydrogeological and well test analyses, geothermal energy, deep well injection of liquid and solid wastes, geologic storage of natural gas, and geologic sequestration of CO 2 , as well as a variety of geologic processes [1][2][3][4][5]. Triaxial compression testing is often the main approach to the study of micro-structure damage and permeability evolution of rock and is often used to predict damage zones and permeability evolution in rock engineering.…”