Experimental study of survival of pedicled perforator flap with flow-through and flow-end blood supply

Abstract

The flow-through blood supply improved pedicle perforator flap survival. Surgical relevance Perforator flap failure is mainly the result of impaired blood supply, as a flow-end blood configuration is nourished only by the perforator terminal branch of the artery. This work showed that the flow-through blood supply nourished by the perforator lateral branch improved flap survival, with dilatation of collateral vascular anastomoses and increased neoangiogenesis. The use of a flow-through configuration improves perforator flap survival and could therefore minimize morbidity resulting from flap necrosis.

The Effect of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase on Multiterritory Perforator Flap Survival in Rats

“…However, the potential territory survival is often limited and unstable. Inadequate dilation of blood vessels, 2 an absence of angiogenesis, 3 and ischemia-reperfusion injury 4 are the important causes of skin flap necrosis.…”

“…The angiosomes of a flap are divided into three regions: the anatomical, dynamic, and potential territories. 5 Many studies 3,6,7 have shown that the survival of the anatomical and dynamic territories is secure, while necrosis can occur in the potential territory of flap.…”

The Effect of Leonurine on Multiterritory Perforator Flap Survival in Rats

“…However, in the potential territory of the flap, necrosis may develop. 6,17 The first choke zone is between the dynamic and anatomical territories, and the second is between the potential and dynamic territories. 18 Hence, in a multiterritory perforator flap, the SCZ is important for survival of the third territory.…”

“…[1][2][3] Various perforator flaps designed to have varied conformations have been created, and they have largely replaced traditional flaps because they lead to reduced morbidity at donor sites. 4 But such designer perforator flaps often present with partial necrosis because of ischemiaereperfusion injury, 5 absence of angiogenesis, 6 insufficient relaxation of blood vessels, 7 and oxidative stress. 8 Leonurine (4-guanidino-n-butyl syringate; Leo) is an active alkaloid extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Leonurus cardiaca, which has been commonly used for the Ethical approval: All protocols were permitted by Wenzhou Medical University Animal Care Committee and were in accordance with the National Institutes of Health guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals.…”

A Preliminary Study of the Effects of Venous Drainage Position on Arterial Blood Supply and Venous Return within the Conjoined Flap

“…The area of survival relative to the total area of the flap was considered flap survival, and was computed by dividing the number of pixels constituting the survival area by that of pixels in the whole flap. 21…”