“…55 Figure 2 shows the outdoor design air temperature for ventilation in winter and summer in several Chinese cities. 57 Air temperatures for the ventilation ranged from −26.3°C to 30.8°C. This work assumed a constant make-up air volume for spring and autumn season with average air temperature of 18°C under window opening condition.Figure 2.Outdoor design air temperature for residential ventilation in winter and summer.…”
A large amount of heat and particles generated from cooking have a negative impact on occupants’ thermal comfort as well as the indoor environment in the kitchen and adjacent rooms. Although heat generation rate and emission strength of particles are largely affected by oil temperature and cooking duration, there is a lack of quantification on the impact of the indoor environment during the whole cooking process. This study applies a computational fluid dynamics method to simulate air temperature, velocity and particle distribution in a kitchen and indoor environment during a 10-min and after 2-min cooking process with constant make-up air organization from window opening in a Chinese-style residential kitchen. User-defined function was defined for dynamic oil temperature and emission rate based on experimental results from previous studies and was interpreted in FLUENT for transient simulation within 12 min. Results indicate that heat spread remarkably after 30 s of oil heating. Air temperature experienced an increase of about 10.0°C around the occupant during the whole cooking process. For particle distribution, a large variation in the kitchen was observed after 4 min. Particle concentration in an indoor environment was increased dramatically after 6 min. Further studies on the transmission mechanism of heat and particles from the kitchen space to an adjacent room under different cooking scenarios are needed for the design and control of kitchen ventilation.
“…55 Figure 2 shows the outdoor design air temperature for ventilation in winter and summer in several Chinese cities. 57 Air temperatures for the ventilation ranged from −26.3°C to 30.8°C. This work assumed a constant make-up air volume for spring and autumn season with average air temperature of 18°C under window opening condition.Figure 2.Outdoor design air temperature for residential ventilation in winter and summer.…”
A large amount of heat and particles generated from cooking have a negative impact on occupants’ thermal comfort as well as the indoor environment in the kitchen and adjacent rooms. Although heat generation rate and emission strength of particles are largely affected by oil temperature and cooking duration, there is a lack of quantification on the impact of the indoor environment during the whole cooking process. This study applies a computational fluid dynamics method to simulate air temperature, velocity and particle distribution in a kitchen and indoor environment during a 10-min and after 2-min cooking process with constant make-up air organization from window opening in a Chinese-style residential kitchen. User-defined function was defined for dynamic oil temperature and emission rate based on experimental results from previous studies and was interpreted in FLUENT for transient simulation within 12 min. Results indicate that heat spread remarkably after 30 s of oil heating. Air temperature experienced an increase of about 10.0°C around the occupant during the whole cooking process. For particle distribution, a large variation in the kitchen was observed after 4 min. Particle concentration in an indoor environment was increased dramatically after 6 min. Further studies on the transmission mechanism of heat and particles from the kitchen space to an adjacent room under different cooking scenarios are needed for the design and control of kitchen ventilation.
“…Smart windows that decouple light and heat transfer are one of the solutions for these scenarios. Responding to this need, Zhang et al [68] proposed a flip-flop window using ATO nanofluid to fulfill different window energy performance needs in winter and summer. Based on the results of winter experiments, this technological solution was shown to delay the appearance of peak indoor temperatures, and it could improve the level of indoor thermal comfort at night.…”
PV windows are seen as potential candidates for conventional windows. Improving the comprehensive performance of PV windows in terms of electrical, optical, and heat transfer has received increasing attention. This paper reviews the development of BIPV façade technologies and summarizes the related experimental and simulation studies. Based on the results of the literature research, the average comprehensive energy-saving rate of BIPV façades can reach 37.18%. Furthermore, limitations and optimization directions of photovoltaic integrated shading devices (PVSDs), photovoltaic double-skin façades, and photovoltaic windows are presented. To improve the energy-saving potential of windows as non-energy efficiency elements of buildings, smart PV windows are proposed to be the key to breakthrough comprehensive performance. However, not all switchable windows concepts can be applied to PV windows. Typical studies on smart windows and PV windows are sorted out to summarize the challenges and optimization of smart PV window technical solutions. Considering the technological innovations in smart PV windows, two requirements of energy-saving materials and building envelopes are put forward. The advances in materials and the building envelope are complementary, which will promote the sophistication and promotion of solar building technology.
“…Currently, MDPC already has good protective performance, but still has the disadvantages of poor breathability and moisture permeability. Wearing protective equipment for a long time can easily lead to physical discomfort and psychological anxiety [6][7][8][9], the sense of experience is very poor, which is harmful to the health of medical staff [10,11].…”
With the outbreak of infectious diseases such as Corona Virus Disease 2019, medical staff work intensively in isolated plots, medical disposable protective clothing (MDPC) has poor air condition and humidity permeability, which seriously reduces the thermal comfort of medical staff. In this paper, the effect of indoor thermal environment and activity levels on thermal comfort inside MDPC was studied by experiment. Five parts of the body were measured inside MDPC and the appropriate movements were chosen to simulate different levels of labor intensity. Meanwhile, physiological parameters and subjective thermal sensation were statistically analyzed. The results showed the influence range of different indoor temperatures on the temperature and humidity inside MDPC was about 1 _C and 10 %, respectively; it indicated that the environment inside MDPC could be improved by reducing indoor temperature, thatis, a cross intelligent adjustment mode was proposed. The effect of labor intensity on the temperature inside MDPC was significantly less than that of humidity. Within 20 min, the humidity changes under moderate and heavy labor intensity were even more than 10 %, and the subjective discomfort threshold of the subjects increased by nearly 50 %. Furthermore, the maximum benefit could be obtained by concentrating cooling on back, forehead, chest and upper arm. Theoretical models of working time, labor intensity, and temperature and humidity inside MDPC under different indoor temperatures and different parts were given. In addition, acceptable regions inside MDPC which were approximately parallel gramin the enthalpy-humidity chart. These conclusions could be a reference for future thermal comfort inside MDPC research.
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