Experimental study of four-state reference-frame-independent quantum key distribution with source flaws

Wang, Jipeng; Liu, Hongwei; Ma, Haiqiang; Sun, Shi-Hai

doi:10.1103/physreva.99.032309

Cited by 25 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Unlike the standard RFI-QKD, it is only necessary to prepare four encoding states instead of six encoding states for the LT-RFI-QKD. Moreover, the experimental result [24,25] demonstrates that this protocol can resist both SPF and a misaligned reference frame. However, in this protocol, there is also an unrealistic qubit assumption that the single photon signal sent by Alice is a qubit (qubit assumption), i.e., the encoded state must be in two-dimensional space.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Four-state reference-frame-independent quantum key distribution with non-qubit sources

Li,

Dou,

Wang

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The discrepancy between theory and experiment severely limits the development of quantum key distribution (QKD). Reference-frame-independent (RFI) protocol has been proposed to avoid alignment of the reference frame. However, multiple optical modes caused by Trojan horse attacks and equipment loopholes lead to the imperfect emitted signal unavoidably. In this paper, we analyzed the security of the RFI-QKD protocol with non-qubit sources based on generalizing loss-tolerant techniques. The simulation results show that our work can effectively defend against non-qubit sources including a misaligned reference frame, state preparation flaws, multiple optical modes, and Trojan horse attacks. Moreover, it only requires the preparation of four quantum states, which reduces the complexity of the experiment in the future.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Four-state reference-frame-independent quantum key distribution with non-qubit sources

Li,

Dou,

Wang

et al. 2021

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…Note that the above state require a complete characterization. In practice, they can be estimated from a set of experimental data that minimize the key rate [34,[36][37][38]. Here, we simply assume θ 1 =θ 2 which can be attributed to the rotation angle β.…”

Section: Numerical Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, all quantum states should be prepared perfectly without flaws, while this can not be satisfactorily met with practical encoding devices, which will compromise the security of practical MDI-QKD systems. Recently, in order to relax assumptions on the encoding systems, several protocols have been proposed and demonstrated experimentally [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. In particular, by exploiting the rejected-data analysis, Tamaki et al [34] proposed a loss-tolerant method to incorporate state preparation flaws in two-dimensional Hilbert space, which has been generalized to MDI-QKD [37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reference-frame-independent measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution with imperfect sources

Zhu,

Zhang,

Wang

2021

Preprint

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Reference-frame-independent measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (RFI-MDI-QKD) can remove all potential detector side-channel attacks and the requirement of real-time alignment of reference frames. However, all previous RFI-MDI-QKD implementations assume the perfect state preparation in sources, which is impractical and may lead to security loopholes. Here, we propose a RFI-MDI-QKD protocol which is robust against state preparation flaws. Comparing to the conventional six-state RFI-MDI-QKD, our scheme can be realized with only four flawed states, which improves the practical security of RFI-MDI-QKD and simplifies the experimental implementation. In addition, simulation results demonstrate that source flaws in Z basis have adverse effect on the performance of RFI-MDI-QKD while the source flaws in X and Y bases have almost no effect. We hope that this work could provide a valuable reference for practical implementations of RFI-MDI-QKD.

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“…The blue dash lines in FIG. 4 illustrate the simulated results with N t = 10 13 [5,10,18,25]. In principle, the C value and the secure key rate reach the maximum value with θ ∈ {0, π/2, π, 3π/2} and drop to the minimum value with θ ∈ {π/4, 3π/4, 7π/4}.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Quantum key distribution (QKD) has the potential to generate the information-theoretical-secure keys between distant users (Alice and Bob) [1][2][3]. Since the first BB84 protocol proposed [4], QKD has stepped into realistic applications from the laboratory [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. The communication distance of QKD over different communication scenarios is significantly improved, such as 509 km with fiber link [12], 4600 km space-to-ground communication network [13], 1 km optical-relayed entanglement distribution over drones [14].…”

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confidence: 99%

Free-Running Long-Distance Reference-Frame-Independent Quantum Key Distribution

Tang¹,

Chen²,

Wang³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Rapidly and randomly drifted reference frames will shorten the link distance and decrease the secure key rate of realistic quantum key distribution (QKD) systems. However, an actively or inappropriately implemented calibration scheme will increase complexity of the systems and may open security loopholes. In this article, we present a free-running reference-frame-independent (RFI) QKD scheme, where measurement events are classified into multiple slices with the same misalignment variation of reference frames and each slice performs the post-processing procedure individually. We perform the free-running RFI QKD experiment with a fiber link of 100 km and the misalignment of the reference frame between Alice and Bob is varied more than 29 periods in a 50.7-hour experiment test. The average secure key rate is about 734 bps with a total loss of 31.5 dB, which achieves the state-of-art performance of the long-distance RFI QKD implementations. Our free-running RFI scheme can be efficiently adapted into the satellite-to-ground and drone based mobile communication scenarios, as it can be performed with rapidly varying reference frame and a loss more than 40 dB, where no secure key can be obtained by the original RFI scheme.

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Experimental study of four-state reference-frame-independent quantum key distribution with source flaws

Cited by 25 publications

References 29 publications

Four-state reference-frame-independent quantum key distribution with non-qubit sources

Four-state reference-frame-independent quantum key distribution with non-qubit sources

Reference-frame-independent measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution with imperfect sources

Free-Running Long-Distance Reference-Frame-Independent Quantum Key Distribution

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