Experimental study and thermodynamic modeling for determining the effect of non-polar solvent (hexane)/polar solvent (methanol) ratio and moisture content on the lipid extraction efficiency from Chlorella vulgaris

Malekzadeh, Mohammad; Najafabadi, Hamed Abedini; Hakim, Maziar; Feilizadeh, Mehrzad; Vossoughi, Manouchehr; Rashtchian, Davood

doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2015.11.066

Cited by 24 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Furthermore, the hexane–ethanol solvent system gave a maximum extraction of 9.91% for PUFAs with multiple double bonds, linoleic acid (C18:2, omega6). This result is consistent with the report of Malekzadeh et al, who also reported the extraction of 9.2%–11.9% of this fatty acid with different percentages of this solvent mixture (Malekzadeh et al, 2016). However, in the chloroform–methanol solvent extraction system, alpha‐linolenic acid (C18:3) (omega‐3) was recorded significantly, that is, 10.64% of the total fatty acids.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Optimization of cell wall disruption and lipid extraction methods by combining different solvents from wet Chlorella vulgaris

Arabian

2022

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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Over the past few decades, microalgae have emerged as a promising option for making lipid‐based bioactive compounds. The purpose of this study was to extract lipids from Chlorella vulgaris. In this study, different cell wall disruption methods such as microwave, liquid nitrogen, ultrasound (US), and bead mill were compared. We selected and optimized two systems based on their efficacy in disrupting cell walls—US and beads mill. Based on the dry weight of C. vulgaris biomass, the maximum lipid extraction by the US was 17.1% and by bead mill was 15.2%. Following cell wall disruption of C. vulgaris, chloroform–methanol (2:1) solvent combination achieved high lipid extraction. However, the hexane–ethanol (1:1) solvent combination was chosen because of its lower toxicity. Specifically, the effect of the solvent‐to‐biomass ratio, the temperature, and the extraction time was investigated. The results indicated that the chloroform–methanol solvent combination yielded optimal results at 8 ml/g solvents to biomass, 45°C, and 60 min and that the hexane–ethanol combination yielded optimal results at 6 ml/g, 35°C, and 73 min, respectively. The highest amount of lipids was obtained from C. vulgaris with 87.6% moisture content. As a cell wall disruption method, the US obtained 20.4% and 16.4% with a combination of chloroform–methanol solvents and hexane–ethanol, respectively. Additionally, bead milling resulted in the highest extraction yield of 17.6% for chloroform–methanol and 13.9% for hexane–ethanol. Based on the results of cell wall disruption, the US method is the most efficient cell wall disruption method in terms of lipid extraction efficiency.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Optimization of cell wall disruption and lipid extraction methods by combining different solvents from wet Chlorella vulgaris

Arabian

2022

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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“…The use of solvents has the purpose to dissolve the lipids into the solvent and form a solution . The most common solvents include benzene, cyclohexane, hexane, acetone, chloroform, diethyl ether, ethanol, and methanol and combinations like hexane/methanol and hexane/isopropanol . The use of hexane and alcohol results less toxic and readily separating the phases in contact with water that improves the process .…”

Section: Lipid Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microalgae as a potential source for biodiesel production: techniques, methods, and other challenges

Arenas

Palacio

Juantorena

et al. 2016

Int. J. Energy Res.

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Summary This paper reviews some of the most important aspects of microalgae as a potential source for biodiesel production. Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that can grow rapidly in a variety of environments because of their unicellular or multicellular structure depending on the species. They have the advantage of self‐reproduction using solar energy and converting it into chemical energy via photosynthesis. This process concludes a full cycle in a few days, obtaining higher lipid yields than terrestrial crops. This review shows several techniques and some methodologies used in the biodiesel production process from microalgae as well as the challenges that must be overcome for large‐scale process and in bio‐refineries. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…The 42% moisture is of particular concern since the hydrophilic water in the liver causes a diffusion resistance, decreasing the contact between hydrophobic hexane and the liver tissues, resulting in lower yields for AE and UE. Recently, experimental results from testing the efficiency of lipid extraction with pure hexane have demonstrated that the extraction yield decreased as the moisture content of the biomass increased . Although the extraction efficiency of wet biomass can be improved with a mixture of hexane and polar solvent, the recovery of the solvent increases production costs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly efficient extraction of EPA/DHA‐enriched oil from cobia liver using homogenization plus sonication

Kuo

Liao

Wang

et al. 2017

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Cobia, Rachycentron canadum, is a species of marine finfish with emerging global potential for offshore aquaculture. The fillet processing by‐product, cobia liver, can be considered an accessible source of EPA/DHA‐enriched oil. Oils are mainly extracted with hexane in the oil industry; however, extractability is greatly decreased in wet biomass as the hydrophilic surface hinders the penetration of hexane into the tissue matrix. In this study, the feasibility of agitated extraction (AE), ultrasonic extraction (UE), Soxhlet extraction (SE), homogenizer extraction (HE), and homogenizer extraction plus sonication (HES) was evaluated. HE and HES showed higher extraction efficiency than AE, UE, or SE. The highest yields: 45.7% and 50.2%, were obtained from using HE for 2 min and HES for 120 min, respectively. Both yields were close to the fat content of cobia liver, indicating that the lipids were effectively extracted. The fatty acid profiles revealed that the highest contents of 5.2% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 19.7% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were obtained from HE and HES, respectively. These results demonstrated that HE and HES were highly efficient and the most useful among all tested methods for lipid extraction from wet biomass. Practical applications: Increasing the value of low quality processing waste is important in the food and nutraceutical industries. Cobia liver, comprising 5% of total fish mass, is a potential source of EPA/DHA‐enriched fish oil. EPA and DHA decompose easily when exposed to high temperatures for a long time. HE has an advantage over traditional extraction methods due to its ability to operate at a low temperature for a short period (2 min), thereby preventing EPA and DHA decomposition. Cobia are already bred in the aquaculture industry; their livers are readily available by‐products obtained after fillet processing. The oils extracted from cobia liver have high levels of EPA and DHA, therefore it is an excellent raw material to produce EPA/DHA‐enriched oil. Wet biomass contains a high amount of moisture, creating mass transfer resistance for hexane penetration into the tissue matrix. Homogenizer extraction grinds the tissue matrix, disrupting the cell and dispersing the water into solvent phase. Schematic representation of the extent of cell disruption during homogenizer extraction shows its effect on the rate of lipid release.

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Experimental study and thermodynamic modeling for determining the effect of non-polar solvent (hexane)/polar solvent (methanol) ratio and moisture content on the lipid extraction efficiency from Chlorella vulgaris

Cited by 24 publications

References 31 publications

Optimization of cell wall disruption and lipid extraction methods by combining different solvents from wet Chlorella vulgaris

Optimization of cell wall disruption and lipid extraction methods by combining different solvents from wet Chlorella vulgaris

Microalgae as a potential source for biodiesel production: techniques, methods, and other challenges

Highly efficient extraction of EPA/DHA‐enriched oil from cobia liver using homogenization plus sonication

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