Experimental studies on the validity of the central terminal of Wilson as an indifferent reference point

The Image Tetrahedron in Man Determined by Reciprocal Stimulation of a Tridimensional Esophageal Electrode

“…I NVESTIGATIONS of the body's role as a volume conductor surrounding the heart generator have not, for the most part, been performed upon living human subjects in a normal environment. Studies have been made of the animal torso,' 12 the immersed human body,'" 6 cadavers, 6 ' 7 excised and in situ tissues, 8 " 10 theoretical and experimental analogs,"" 16 and models molded from human subjects 17 and from scaled down sculptures. 18 In living subjects the problem has been investigated by means of unidimensional electrodes in the heart 19 and in the esophagus.…”

A Comparison of Unipolar Leads Obtained With the Methods of Wilson and Goldberger

“…It is assumed that this central terminal has a potential of zero, the assumption being based on Einthoven's equilateral triangle theory and Kirchoff's law. Although it has been shown (Dolgin et al, 1949) that this central terminal is not a truly indifferent electrode and may show some potential, this method has proved to be the most practical one for obtaining unipolar leads.…”