Experimental studies on the effect of cadmium chloride, zinc acetate, their mixture and the mitigation with vitamin C supplementation on hatchability, size and quality of newly hatched larvae of common carp, Cyprinus carpio

Abstract

The present results show that the fertilization and hatching rates, as well as the development of the embryos of common carp are adversely affected by heavy metal pollution. The degree of this effect depends on the duration and the concentration of the heavy metal used. Malformation of the yolk sac and curvature in the abdominal region were also observed throughout this study. No statistical difference was recorded between the polluted group which was supplemented with vitamin C (300 mg/kg of dry feed), and the control group (P < 0.05). The newly hatched larvae showed severe body malformation, and they were not able to swim or feed. Other organs such as the kidneys and livers were also affected. The most important changes in the kidneys of common carp were glomerular expansion and the reduction of Bowman's space. No abnormalities or alterations were observed in the livers of the control fish. However, the main alterations were observed in the liver of treated fish with cadmium chloride that were either single or mixed with zinc acetate. The most important changes in the livers of common carp were hypertrophy nucleus and vacuolation in cytoplasm. Addition of vitamin C with dry feed showed an improvement in the tissues of livers and kidneys of polluted fish. ª 2015 Hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Impacts of heavy metals on early development, growth and reproduction of fish – A review

“…Because most of the open water environment is contaminated with mixtures of heavy metals (from anthropogenic and geogenic sources), it is important to evaluate the combined effects of those heavy metals on embryonic and larval development. The combined effect of Cu-Zn and Cd-Zn has been investigated in Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss [48] and common carp Cyprinus carpio [49] embryos respectively, revealing increased embryonic mortality and physical deformities (e.g. vertebral column deformities).…”

“…Supplementation of vitamin C with the dry feed to the embryo and larvae of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) exposed to mixture of Zn and Cd increased the ontogenic development and quality and quantity of the larvae through the improvement of immune system [49] . It has been reported that Cd exposure under conditions of high alkalinity can significantly increase the hatching, survival rate and growth of larvae of Silver catfish Rhamdia quelen [50] .…”

Sublethal Effects of Cadmium on the Osmoregulatory and Acid-Base Parameters of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at Various Times

“…It may reach 2 mg/L in contaminated water [ 3 ]. Cd accumulates rapidly in the organs and tissues of rainbow trout Onchorhynshus mykiss [ 4 ] and tilapia Oreochromis niloticus [ 5 ] and may diminish growth; affect behavior, plasma ion balance, and respiration of O. mykiss [ 6 ], O. niloticus [ 7 ], and carp Cyprinus carpio [ 8 ]; suppress hormone activity of Prussian carp Carassius auratus gibelio [ 9 ] and Neotropical fish Rhamdia quelen [ 10 ]; inhibit reproduction of red tilapia Oreochromis sp [ 11 ] and neotropical fish Prochilodus magdalenae [ 12 ]; lower hematological, biochemical parameters; and disrupt enzyme function of O. niloticus [ 13 , 14 ].…”

Sublethal effects of cadmium on the osmoregulatory and acid-base parameters of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at various times

“…It may reach 2 mg/L in contaminated water (Cao et al, 2012). Cd accumulates rapidly in the organs and tissues of rainbow trout Onchorhynshus mykiss (Heydarnejad et al, 2013) and tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Soegianto et al, 2022a) and may diminish growth, affect behavior, plasma ion balance and respiration of O. mykiss (McGeer et al, 2000), O. niloticus (Atli & Canli, 2013), and carp Cyprinus carpio (El-Greisy & El-Gamal, 2015), suppress hormone activity of Prussian carp Carassius auratus gibelio (Szczerbik et al, 2006) and Neotropical sh Rhamdia quelen (Vicentini et al, 2022), inhibit reproduction of red tilapia Oreochromis sp (El-Ebiary et al, 2013) and Neotropical sh Prochilodus magdalenae (Sierra-Marquez et al, 2019), lower hematological, biochemical parameters, and disrupt enzyme function of O. niloticus (Al-Asgah et al, 2015;Adam et al, 2022).…”