Experimental Studies in Model Fluid Systems

Liebscher, Axel

doi:10.2138/rmg.2007.65.2

Cited by 48 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 89 publications

(210 reference statements)

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“…the critical temperature of H 2 O), or low greenschist grade conditions, metamorphic fluids are unlikely to be composed of pure H 2 O and CO 2 . Commonly, they contain significant amounts of salts that expand the region of immiscibility compared to H 2 O-CO 2 fluids (Bowers and Helgeson, 1983a,b;Skippen and Trommsdorf, 1986;Tromsdorff and Skippen, 1986;Schmidt and Bodnar, 2000;Heinrich, 2007;Liebscher, 2007Liebscher, , 2010Shmulovich et al, 1995). Figure 2.5 shows the migration of critical points in the H 2 O-CO 2 -NaCl system, compared to the critical points in the H 2 O-NaCl and H 2 O-CO 2 binary systems ( Schmidt and Bodnar, 2000).…”

Section: Crustal Fluid Compositions: the Basicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluids in the Continental Crust

Yardley¹,

Bodnar²

2014

GeochemPersp

220

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Section: Crustal Fluid Compositions: the Basicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluids in the Continental Crust

Yardley¹,

Bodnar²

2014

GeochemPersp

220

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“…Water-bearing fluids high in NaCl-and/or KCl-components are likely to undergo phase separation (into L + V) even at elevated pressure and temperature (61500 bars and 800°C (Liebscher, 2007)). Moreover, the presence of additional components in the fluid (e.g., S-species) would widen the immiscible vapor-liquid region to even higher temperatures and pressures (Webster and Mandeville, 2007).…”

Section: High-temperature Hydrothermal History Of Mil 03346mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal jarosite and hematite in a pyroxene-hosted melt inclusion in martian meteorite Miller Range (MIL) 03346: Implications for magmatic-hydrothermal fluids on Mars

McCubbin

Tosca

Smirnov

et al. 2009

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

102

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“…The lack of fluids rich in both CO 2 and salt, except under extreme high-pressure conditions, is well known from theory, experiment and fluid inclusion observations (Liebscher 2007). For sulphide there is little analytical data from fluid inclusions, but the high concentrations of Fe and other chalcophile elements with insoluble sulphides in Cl-rich brines (Yardley 2005) strongly suggest low sulphide concentrations.…”

Section: The Chemical Composition and Evolution Of Metamorphic Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Crawford & Hollister 1986;Yardley & Graham 2002), and experiments have investigated cation exchange between minerals and fluids under metamorphic conditions (Orville 1972;Eugster & Gunter 1981;Shmulovich & Graham 2008). The dissolved salt load is particularly significant for its effect on CO 2 -H 2 O phase relationships (Liebscher 2007), potentially resulting in fluid immiscibility over a wide range of metamorphic conditions (Yardley & Bottrell 1988;Heinrich 2007). While there are circumstances where metamorphic fluids are dilute H 2 O-CO 2 fluids, this is far from being the universal situation, and metamorphic fluids can vary between very dilute and salt-saturated end members.…”

Section: The Chemical Composition and Evolution Of Metamorphic Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of metamorphic fluids in the formation of ore deposits

Yardley

Cleverley

2013

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Many ore deposits are hosted by metamorphic rocks, and metamorphic fluids have been invoked as a source for various deposits, especially gold deposits. Metamorphic fluid compositions reflect original sedimentary environment: continental shelf sequences yield saline metamorphic fluids with little dissolved gas while metasediments from accretionary and oceanic settings host less saline fluids with significant CO 2 contents.The principal difficulty in reconciling ore deposits with a metamorphic origin is that many form quickly (c. 1 Ma), whereas metamorphic heating is slow (c. 10-208/Ma). Gravitational instability means that fluid cannot be retained. Metamorphic ores may nevertheless form by: (a) segregation leading to enrichment of pre-existing concentrations; (b) infiltration of water-rich fluids from schists into marbles at high temperature overstepping decarbonation reactions and allowing fast reaction that locally draws down temperature; and (c) rapid uplift driving dehydration reactions owing to pressure drop.Some orogenic lode gold deposits fit well with a purely metamorphic origin during rapid uplift, but others are problematic. At Sunrise Dam, Western Australia, anomalies in Sr-isotope ratios and in apatite compositions indicate a partial mantle/magmatic source. Low salinity, H 2 O-CO 2 fluids commonly associated with hydrothermal gold reflect the effect of salt on gas solubility, not the origin of the fluid.Gold Open Access: This article is published under the terms of the CC-BY 3.0 license.Many hydrothermal ore deposits are hosted by metamorphic rocks, and so the possibility that ore deposits may form from metamorphic fluids has been discussed for many years. In this paper we will review what is known about metamorphic fluids from a chemical perspective, and the implications that this may have for their ore-forming potential, and then put this in the context of the history of regional metamorphism and the physical supply of fluid to possible ore systems. Possible natural examples of metamorphic fluids giving rise to ore deposits are also discussed with an emphasis on gold mineralization, because this is the type of mineralization for which metamorphic fluids have been most widely invoked.The term metamorphic fluid is used here in the strict sense to denote fluids present during prograde metamorphism. They will commonly include a component of pre-metamorphic formation waters as well as fluid released by breakdown of volatilebearing minerals, all modified by ongoing interactions with host rock. This definition is much more restrictive than that often used in stable isotope studies, which embraces all fluids that have isotopically equilibrated with metamorphic rocks, irrespective of their origin.Despite some clear evidence to the contrary (e.g. Roedder 1972), until recently crustal fluids were generally assumed to carry only small amounts of potential ore metal in solution. Thus the problem of understanding ore deposits was seen as one of accounting for extensive focussing of fluid flow. With the ...

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Experimental Studies in Model Fluid Systems

Cited by 48 publications

References 89 publications

Fluids in the Continental Crust

Fluids in the Continental Crust

Hydrothermal jarosite and hematite in a pyroxene-hosted melt inclusion in martian meteorite Miller Range (MIL) 03346: Implications for magmatic-hydrothermal fluids on Mars

The role of metamorphic fluids in the formation of ore deposits

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