“…Incremental response envelopes [24,25,54] reveal important characteristics soil behaviour such as incremental nonlinearity, associative behaviour, uniqueness of flow rule, etc. Measuring incremental responses in the laboratory is difficult, [21,22], because of the highly accurate strain measurements required and the need to test several identical samples (one for each probe). For this reason DEM models have been frequently used to study the incremental behaviour of granular materials [3,7,11,47,58,60].…”