Experimental Salmonellosis: Hypersensitivity to Cell Wall Lipopolysaccharide and Anti-Infectious Resistance of Mice Infected with
            <i>Salmonella</i>

Kawakami, Michiyuki; Hara, Yoshihiko; Osawa, Naoya

doi:10.1128/iai.4.5.519-524.1971

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…We have shown that the Arthus reactions and the mitogenic ability of LPS disappear after alkali treatment (23), whereas the present results indicate that a lethal reaction persists. The drop in mitogenic activity and Arthus reactivity after hydrolysis is probably due to disaggregation of the molecule and loss of complement-fixing ability, whereas lethal reactivity to LPS in infected mice has been reported to lie within the LPS core region (8). It has recently been reported that the state of disaggregation of LPS by sodium deoxycholate reduces its toxicity for D-galactosamine-sensitized mice (20a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of lipopolysaccharide and of soluble extracts of Salmonella typhimurium in mice immunized with a live attenuated aroA salmonella vaccine

et al. 1994

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Mice immunized intravenously 10 days earlier (but not those immunized 2 months earlier) with an attenuated Salmonella typhimurium SL3261 aroA live vaccine and tested for delayed-type hypersensitivity by injection of crude Salmonella extracts in the footpad can die within 24 to 48 h of an unexplained allergic reaction. The lethal reaction could be prevented by prior administration of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha serum. Injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (either purified phenol-water-extracted [Westphal] LPS or protein-rich trichloroacetic acid-extracted [Boivin] LPS) was also lethal for mice immunized 10 days before.An LPS-rich crude Salmonella extract was more toxic than one which contained less LPS, suggesting that LPS may have been involved in the lethal reactions to crude antigens. Mild alkaline hydrolysis removes 0-linked acyl groups from lipid A and eliminates many toxic effects of LPS; however, both Boivin LPS and Westphal LPS remained toxic for immunized mice after alkaline hydrolysis. In contrast, alkaline hydrolysis of crude whole Salmonella extracts (which caused marked protein degradation) reduced the lethal toxicity of the extracts, especially for an LPS-rich preparation. Mice immunized orally with the live vaccine did not show hypersensitivity to either LPS or crude extracts. The results suggest that the lethal reaction to crude Salmonella antigens in mice immunized 10 days earlier is complex, that tumor necrosis factor alpha is involved, and that allergic reactions to crude antigens (but not to LPS alone) can be reduced by mild alkaline hydrolysis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of lipopolysaccharide and of soluble extracts of Salmonella typhimurium in mice immunized with a live attenuated aroA salmonella vaccine

et al. 1994

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“…The degree of host susceptibility, however, can be altered by prior exposure to LPS. Thus, LPS pretreatment renders the host under certain experimental conditions either refractory (1, 2, 6, 8-10, 12, 13, 19, 25, 26, 30-32, 34, 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 45, 47, 50) or more sensitive (6,7,8,17,18,29,33) to subsequent LPS challenge. These opposing effects have been commonly referred to as endotoxin tolerance and hypersensitivity (8), respectively.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast to tolerance, other investigators have shown that prior injection of sublethal quantities of LPS resulted in enhanced susceptibility (hypersensitivity) to subsequent LPS challenge (4,4,8,17,18,29). Immunological hypersensitivity has been implicated as a major mechanism for LPS hyperreactivity (4,8,29). Again, the three main regions of LPS (4, 29,33), as weli as LPS-associated protein (17,18), have been implicated as the determinants relating to sensitization.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Lipid A-induced tolerance and hyperreactivity to hypothermia in mice

Greer¹,

Rietschel²

1978

Infect Immun

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Mice responded to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with a dose-dependent, monophasic hypothermia reaching a maximum at 2 h postinjection. Degraded polysaccharide was not active; free lipid A, however, induced a similar pattern of hypothermia, indicating that the hypothermic principle of LPS was embedded within the lipid A component. The hypothermic response of mice to LPS was modified by prior exposure of the host to LPS. This altered reactivity was manifested by refractory periods (early and late tolerance), in which animals no longer responded with hypothermia, or a hyperreactive phase (hypersensitivity), in which hypothermic responses were greatly augmented upon LPS challenge. Thus, tolerance observed 24 h after a single injection of LPS (early tolerance) was followed, on further LPS challenge, by an enhanced hypothermic responses reaching a maximum on day 4. Further daily exposure of the animals to LPS eliminated hyperreactivity and led to the establishment of a late tolerance maximally expressed on day 8. Hyperreactivity could also be evoked on day 4 after a single injection of LPS. Mice pretreated with Salmonella S- and R-form LPS or free lipid A (Salmonella) demonstrated tolerance and hyperreactivity to both homologous and heterologous challenge. In addition, complete cross-tolerance was observed with S-form LPS derived from Shigella. It was concluded that the differential effects of LPS on host responses (tolerance and hyperreactivity) were due to lipid A.

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“…One week after the last injection, the mice were bled and the sera were collected. In the case of immunization with live vaccine, an intravenous inoculation with 10-5 mg of bacteria (approximately 4 X 10 4 viable cells) was followed by treatment with 100 p,g of kanamycin which saved the host from death as well as maintained viable bacteria at a certain level and thus immunity to infection was conferred (3). Pooled serum from randomly bred guinea pigs was used as the source of complement.…”

Section: Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Titration of Bactericidal Activity against Smooth and Rough Strains of Salmonella which Are Resistant in Isotonic Medium

Ihara

Kawakami

1981

Microbiology and Immunology

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Bactericidal factors in antisera against various chemotype strains of Salmonella were assayed by means of the spot method. Certain smooth and rough strains were resistant to the killing effect of immune mouse sera when the activity was assayed in an isotonic salt medium and guinea pig complement was used. However, the sensitivity was found to be increased in various degrees by assaying it in a medium containing hypotonic concentrations ofNaCI or tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane-H'Cl (Tris-HCI). Keeping the resistant bacteria in hypotonic solutions before or after treatment with complement increased the titer of antiserum, indicating that the hypotonic solution increases the sensitivity of bacterial cells to the antiserum and/or complement. The optimal salt concentration for the assay of serum-sensitive and -resistant smooth strains was 0.02 M NaC!. With Ra through Rd chemotype strains, 0.1 M NaCI before complement treatment and 0.05 M NaCI after the treatment was the best. Isotonic medium was necessary for the titration of the Re chemotype strain. Specificity of the killing effect which was assayed by the hypotonic spot method was shown by adsorption studies on the immune sera. Use of C4-deficient guinea pig complement resulted in low titers against certain strains of bacteria and high titers were restored by the addition of the C4 component of complement. These results indicate that serologically specific bactericidal factors including antibody can be assayed by the spot method using hypotonic NaCI or Tris-HC!.

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Experimental Salmonellosis: Hypersensitivity to Cell Wall Lipopolysaccharide and Anti-Infectious Resistance of Mice Infected with Salmonella

Abstract: on August 1, 2020 by guest http://iai.asm.org/ Downloaded from 19. Weiser-, M. M., and L. Rothfield. 1968. The reassociation of lipopolysaccharide, phospholipid, and transferase enzymes of the baicterial cell envelope. Isolation of binary and ter-nary complexes.

Cited by 7 publications

References 14 publications

Toxicity of lipopolysaccharide and of soluble extracts of Salmonella typhimurium in mice immunized with a live attenuated aroA salmonella vaccine

Toxicity of lipopolysaccharide and of soluble extracts of Salmonella typhimurium in mice immunized with a live attenuated aroA salmonella vaccine

Lipid A-induced tolerance and hyperreactivity to hypothermia in mice

Titration of Bactericidal Activity against Smooth and Rough Strains of Salmonella which Are Resistant in Isotonic Medium

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