Experimental Results of Tsunami Bore Forces on Structures

Robertson, Ian; Riggs, H. R.; Mohamed, A.

doi:10.1115/omae2008-57525

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…This PC was placed 15 cm above the flume bottom. This agreed with the observations made by Nouri et al (2010), Robertson et al (2008), Shafiei et al (2016) and Al-Faesly et al (2012). The pressure magnitude measured through each PC decreased proportionally with the height from the flume bottom measured by the PC, which also agreed with the results of studies by Al-Faesly et al (2012), Palermo et al (2012) and Santo and Robertson (2010).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…However, limited focus has been put on the interaction between a three-dimensional (3D) structure and tsunami, where the structure is not overtopped by the flow, owing to the complexities involved in tsunami bore surrounding a structure (Wijatmiko and Murakami, 2012). Previous investigations were limited to the study of the impact of tsunami on the side wall (parallel to the flow), front wall (perpendicular to the flow) (Chinnarasri et al, 2013; Fujima et al, 2009; Nouri et al, 2010; Palermo et al, 2009, 2012; Robertson et al, 2008) and wharf model (Chen et al, 2016, 2017, 2018; Chock et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental simulation of tsunami surge and its interaction with coastal structure

Farahmandpour

Marsono

Forouzani

et al. 2019

International Journal of Protective Structures

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Following the tsunamis occurred in Japan (2011) and Indian Ocean (2004), investigating interaction between coastal structures and tsunamis became necessary. Although several attempts have been made to estimate the tsunami forces acting on the coastal structures, there still remain inconsistencies among the published design guidelines. This research includes an experimental study to investigate the interaction between a tsunami surge and a coastal structure. The tsunami surge was generated using a novel dam-break system, capable of generating higher tsunami surges than the previous simulations. The relations between surge velocity, surge depth, and surge-induced pressure on the structure were presented. In the surge-induced pressure–time histories, there were three identified force components, namely, run-up, impulsive and quasi-steady hydrodynamics. Furthermore, this research presents a comparison made between the experimental results and existing tsunami guidelines. The ratio of impulsive force to hydrodynamic force was found around 2.4 for each tsunami surge. The hydrodynamic forces were found to be higher with respect to those determined using the ‘Federal Emergency Management Agency’ FEMA P646 guidelines, whereas they were approximately in agreement with those obtained by FEMA 55. Moreover, the results showed that the ‘Structural Design Method of Building for Tsunami Resistance’ overestimates the impulsive force.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental simulation of tsunami surge and its interaction with coastal structure

Farahmandpour

Marsono

Forouzani

et al. 2019

International Journal of Protective Structures

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Palermo et al [10] described the tsunami-induced force components on nearshore structures and reported that the hydrodynamic and surge components were a function of the instantaneous velocity and water depth. Other studies focused on the experimental testing of tsunami bore loads on rectangular buildings [11], piloti-type buildings [12], walls with overhangs [13] and coastal bridges [14][15][16][17]. Some studies evaluated the effects of different wave forms on coastal decks, including unbroken, breaking and post-breaking waves and bores [14,18], and revealed fundamental differences in the effects caused by the two wave types.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupled SPH–FEM Modeling of Tsunami-Borne Large Debris Flow and Impact on Coastal Structures

Hasanpour

Istrati

Buckle

2021

JMSE

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Field surveys in recent tsunami events document the catastrophic effects of large waterborne debris on coastal infrastructure. Despite the availability of experimental studies, numerical studies investigating these effects are very limited due to the need to simulate different domains (fluid, solid), complex turbulent flows and multi-physics interactions. This study presents a coupled SPH–FEM modeling approach that simulates the fluid with particles, and the flume, the debris and the structure with mesh-based finite elements. The interaction between the fluid and solid bodies is captured via node-to-solid contacts, while the interaction of the debris with the flume and the structure is defined via a two-way segment-based contact. The modeling approach is validated using available large-scale experiments in the literature, in which a restrained shipping container is transported by a tsunami bore inland until it impacts a vertical column. Comparison of the experimental data with the two-dimensional numerical simulations reveals that the SPH–FEM models can predict (i) the non-linear transformation of the tsunami wave as it propagates towards the coast, (ii) the debris–fluid interaction and (iii) the impact on a coastal structure, with reasonable accuracy. Following the validation of the models, a limited investigation was conducted, which demonstrated the generation of significant debris pitching that led to a non-normal impact on the column with a reduced contact area and impact force. While the exact level of debris pitching is highly dependent on the tsunami characteristics and the initial water depth, it could potentially result in a non-linear force–velocity trend that has not been considered to date, highlighting the need for further investigation preferably with three-dimensional models.

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“…Figures 6 and 7 show the pressure histories applied at different locations of the bridge deck, for a selected solitary wave and bore. Given the inherent variability of wave breaking bore formation and induced forces on structures [32][33][34][35][36], it is critical to ensure that the waves inundating the two decks are identical, before any meaningful comparison can be conducted. The wave heights measured at several gauges have been compared and presented in Section 2 of this paper.…”

Section: Pressures On Girders and Below The Deckmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Trapped Air on the Tsunami-Induced Transient Loads and Response of Coastal Bridges

Istrati

Buckle

2019

Geosciences

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In response to the extensive damage of coastal bridges sustained in recent tsunamis, this paper describes an investigation into tsunami-induced effects on two common bridge types, an open-girder deck with cross-frames and one with solid diaphragms. To this end, large-scale (1:5) physical models with realistic structural members and elastomeric bearings were constructed and tested under a range of unbroken solitary waves and more realistic tsunami-like transient bores. The flexible bearings allowed the superstructure to rotate and translate vertically, thus simulating the wave–structure interaction during the tsunami inundation. Detailed analysis of the experimental data revealed that for both bridge types the resistance mechanism and transient structural response is characterized by a short-duration phase that introduces the maximum overturning moment, upward movement, and rotation of the deck, and a longer-duration phase that introduces significant uplift forces but small moment and rotation due to the fact that the wave is approaching the point of rotation. In the former phase the uplift is resisted mainly by the elastomeric bearings and columns offshore of the center of gravity of the superstructure (C.G.), maximizing their uplift demand. In the latter phase the total uplift is distributed more equally to all the bearings, which tends to maximize the uplift demand in the structural members close to the C.G. The air-entrapment in the chambers of the bridge with diaphragms modifies the wave–structure interaction, introducing (a) a different pattern and magnitude of wave pressures on the superstructure due to the cushioning effect; (b) a 39% average and 148% maximum increase in the total uplift forces; and (c) a 32% average increase of the overturning moment, which has not been discussed in previous studies. Deciphering the exact effect of the trapped air on the total uplift forces is challenging because, although the air consistently increases the quasi-static component of the force, it has an inconsistent and complex effect on the slamming component, which can either increase or decrease. Interestingly, the air also has a complex effect on the uplift demand in the offshore bearings and columns, which can decrease or increase even more than the total deck uplift, and an inconsistent effect on the uplift force of different structural components introduced by the same wave. These are major findings because they demonstrate that the current approach of investigating the effect of trapped air only on the total uplift is insufficient. Last but not least, the study reveals the existence of significant differences in the effects introduced by solitary waves and transient bores, especially when air is trapped beneath the deck; it also provides practical guidance to engineers, who are advised to design the elastomeric bearings offshore of the C.G. for at least 60% and 50% of the total induced uplift force, respectively, for a bridge with cross-frames and one with diaphragms, instead of distributing the total uplift equally to all bearings.

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Experimental Results of Tsunami Bore Forces on Structures

Cited by 13 publications

References 27 publications

Experimental simulation of tsunami surge and its interaction with coastal structure

Experimental simulation of tsunami surge and its interaction with coastal structure

Coupled SPH–FEM Modeling of Tsunami-Borne Large Debris Flow and Impact on Coastal Structures

Role of Trapped Air on the Tsunami-Induced Transient Loads and Response of Coastal Bridges

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