Experimental results of hydrogen enrichment of ethanol in an ultra-lean internal combustion engine

An experimental study of a hydrogen-enriched ethanol fueled Wankel rotary engine at ultra lean and full load conditions

“…Ethanol fuel is considered a promising liquid alternative fuel for spark ignition engines [1][2][3][4]. This fuel is relatively nontoxic and can potentially be produced from different agricultural crops [2,5]. Ethanol has a high octane rating that promotes higher compression ratios engines with high efficiency [1].…”

“…In addition, hydrogen's combustion characteristics can improve the engine's lean burn capability [28][29][30]34]. Lean combustion is well known to reduce the rate of emission of unburned elements of CO, HC, NO X , and is effective for improving thermal efficiency in the reciprocating engine [2,17,35], therefore, this kind of combustion could potentially help to resolve the Wankel engine's drawbacks [14,17].…”

Experimental exploration of hydrogen enrichment in a dual fuel CI engine with exhaust gas recirculation

“…The dependent parameter such as brake power (BP), BTE, BSEC is calculated according to the following Equations (2)e(5) [14,28].…”

“…Hydrogen enrichment to another pilot fuels allows a reduction in pre-ignition, better performance and lessen hydrogen demand when compared to absolute hydrogen operation [14]. But the main problem of using hydrogen as a fuel is the formation of NO X [15].…”

Effect of hydrogen and oxygen addition as a mixture on emissions and performance characteristics of a gasoline engine

“…According to obtained results, peak flame propagation increased by 37.18% and 60.47% with 3% and 6% H 2 addition. Greenwood et al [21] studied with H 2 and ethanol fuel mixture in a 0.745 L, two cylinder spark ignited engine. At ultra lean operating conditions, NO x emissions decreased by 95% compared to stoichiometric gasoline operating conditions at stable engine speed with 0%, 15% and 30% H 2 addition by volume.…”