Experimental Path Loss Models for In-Body Communications within 2.36-2.5 GHz

Chávez-Santiago, Raúl; Garcia-Pardo, Concepción; Fornés-Leal, Alejandro; Vallés-Lluch, Ana; Vermeeren, Günter; Joseph, Wout; Balasingham, Ilangko; Cardona, Narcís

doi:10.1109/jbhi.2015.2418757

Cited by 51 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…Nevertheless, this band is constrained to the use of narrowband systems. Particularly, the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) radio band (2400-2483.5 MHz) has been considered as a candidate in order to enhance the in-body communications in nextgeneration devices [5]. However, these multipurpose bands are widely used for WLAN and WPAN networks so that interferences between services could be produced.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Besides, such software simulations can be an expensive solution as well as imply a high complex computational cost. On the other hand, chemical solutions, which emulate the electromagnetic behavior of human body tissues (i.e., complex relative permittivity), have been used in order to recreate the propagation through human tissues [5]. These mimicking materials are known as "phantoms" and have been used in previous propagation studies [13].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Spatial In-Body Channel Characterization Using an Accurate UWB Phantom

Andreu

Castelló-Palacios

Garcia-Pardo

et al. 2016

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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Abstract-Ultra-wideband (UWB) systems have emerged as a possible solution for future wireless in-body communications. However, in-body channel characterization is complex. Animal experimentation is usually restricted. Furthermore, software simulations can be expensive and imply a high computational cost. Synthetic chemical solutions, known as phantoms, can be used to solve this issue. However, achieving a reliable UWB phantom can be challenging since UWB systems use a large bandwidth and the relative permittivity of human tissues are frequency dependent. In this paper, a measurement campaign within 3.1-8.5 GHz using a new UWB phantom is performed. Currently, this phantom achieves the best known approximation to the permittivity of human muscle in the whole UWB band. Measurements were performed in different spatial positions, in order to also investigate the diversity of the in-body channel in the spatial domain. Two experimental in-body to in-body (IB2IB) and in-body to on-body (IB2OB) scenarios are considered. From the measurements, new path loss models are obtained. Besides, the correlation in transmission and reception is computed for both scenarios. Our results show a highly uncorrelated channel in transmission for the IB2IB scenario at all locations. Nevertheless, for the IB2OB scenario, the correlation varies depending on the position of the receiver and transmitter.Index Terms-Body area network, in-body communications, path loss, ultra-wideband (UWB) phantom, uncorrelated channel.

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confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial In-Body Channel Characterization Using an Accurate UWB Phantom

Andreu

Castelló-Palacios

Garcia-Pardo

et al. 2016

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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“…The in vivo PL expresses a measure of the average signal power attenuation inside the body and calculated as P L = −mean{|S 21 |} using the channel frequency response, i.e., S 21 [4], [5]. The location dependent characteristic of the in vivo PL was investigated for two ISM bands, i.e., 915 MHz and 2.4 GHz.…”

Section: A Path Loss and Shadowingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the gastrointestinal tract has been studied for wireless capsule endoscopy applications [14], while the heart area has been investigated for implantable cardioverter defibrillators and pacemakers [15]. Although many in vivo path loss (PL) formulas were reported in the literature [4]- [7], [15]- [17], they do not provide location specific PL model parameters to carry out accurate link budget calculations. Moreover, detailed human body models are crucial in order to investigate the in vivo wireless communication channel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anatomical Region-Specific In Vivo Wireless Communication Channel Characterization

Demir

Abbasi

Ankarali

et al. 2017

IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform.

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Abstract-In vivo wireless body area networks (WBANs) and their associated technologies are shaping the future of healthcare by providing continuous health monitoring and noninvasive surgical capabilities, in addition to remote diagnostic and treatment of diseases. To fully exploit the potential of such devices, it is necessary to characterize the communication channel which will help to build reliable and high-performance communication systems. This paper presents an in vivo wireless communication channel characterization for male torso both numerically and experimentally (on a human cadaver) considering various organs at 915 MHz and 2.4 GHz. A statistical path loss (PL) model is introduced, and the anatomical region-specific parameters are provided. It is found that the mean PL in dB scale exhibits a linear decaying characteristic rather than an exponential decaying profile inside the body, and the power decay rate is approximately twice at 2.4 GHz compared to 915 MHz. Moreover, the variance of shadowing increases significantly as the in vivo antenna is placed deeper inside the body since the main scatterers are present in the vicinity of the antenna. Multipath propagation characteristics are also investigated to facilitate proper waveform designs in the future wireless healthcare systems, and a rootmean-square (RMS) delay spread of 2.76 ns is observed. Results show that the in vivo channel exhibit different characteristics than the classical communication channels, and location dependency is very critical for accurate, reliable, and energy-efficient link budget calculations.Index Terms-Channel characterization, implants, in/on-body communication, in vivo, wireless body area networks (WBANs).

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A comprehensive review of wireless body area network

Hasan

Biswas

Ahmed

et al. 2019

Journal of Network and Computer Applications

152

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Recent development and advancement of information and communication technologies facilitate people in different dimensions of life. Most importantly, in the healthcare industry, this has become more and more involved with the information and communication technology-based services. One of the most important services is monitoring of remote patients, that enables the healthcare providers to observe, diagnose and prescribe the patients without being physically present. The advantage of miniaturization of sensor technologies gives the flexibility of installing in, on or off the body of patients, which is capable of forwarding physiological data wirelessly to remote servers. Such technology is named as Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). In this paper, WBAN architecture, communication technologies for WBAN, challenges and different aspects of WBAN are illustrated. This paper also describes the architectural limitations of existing WBAN communication frameworks. blueFurthermore, implementation requirements are presented based on IEEE 802.15.6 standard. Finally, as a source of motivation towards future development of research incorporating Software Defined Networking (SDN), Energy Harvesting (EH) and Blockchain technology into WBAN are also provided.

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Experimental Path Loss Models for In-Body Communications within 2.36-2.5 GHz

Cited by 51 publications

References 39 publications

Spatial In-Body Channel Characterization Using an Accurate UWB Phantom

Spatial In-Body Channel Characterization Using an Accurate UWB Phantom

Anatomical Region-Specific In Vivo Wireless Communication Channel Characterization

A comprehensive review of wireless body area network

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