Experimental observation of isolated large transverse energy electrons with associated missing energy at

Arnison, G.; Astbury, A.; Grayer, G.; Haynes, W.J.; Nandi, A.; Roberts, Craig D.; Scott, W. G.; Shah, T.; Aubert, B.; Catz, P.; Colás, J.; Ghez, Ph.; Gonidec, A.; Lees, J. P.; Linglin, D.; Minard, M.-N.; Yvert, M.; Bézaguet, A.; Boeck, R.; Calvetti, M.; Carroll, Timothy J.; Cennini, P.; Centro, S.; Ceradini, F.; Cittolin, S.; Dallman, D.; Demoulin, M.; DiBitonto, D.; Ellis, N.; Hoffmann, Hans; Jank, W.; Jorat, G.; Kowalski, H.; Kryn, D.; Lacava, F.; Markiewicz, T.; Maurin, G.; Muirhead, H.; Müller, F.; Naumann, L.; Norton, A.; Petrucci, Guido; Placci, A.; Revol, J. P.; Rijssenbeek, M.; Rohlf, J.; Rossi, Paolo; Rubbia, C.; Tao, C.; Timmer, J.; Меер, С. ван дер; Vialle, J.P.; Vuillemin, V.; Xie, Y.; Zurfluh, E.; Bowcock, T. J. V.; Eisenhandler, E.; Gibson, W. R.; Honma, A.; Kalmus, P. I. P.; Keeler, R.; Salvi, G.; Schinzel, D.; Thompson, G.; Cochet, C.; Debeer, M.; Denegri, D.; Givernaud, A.; Laugier, J. P.; Lévêque, A.; Locci, E.; Loret, M.; Malosse, J. J.; Rich, J.; Sass, J.; Saudraix, J.; Savoy-Navarro, A.; Spiro, M.; Dobrzyński, L.; Fontaine, G.; Geer, S.; Ghesquière, C.; Giraud‐Héraud, Y.; Mendiburu, J. P.; Orkin-Lecourtois, A.; Sajot, G.; Bauer, G.; Cline, D.; Hertzberger, L.O.; Holthuizen, D.; Bacci, C.; Corden, M.; Negra, M. Della; Ciaccio, A. Di; Dowell, J. D.; Edwards, M.; Eggert, K.; Erhard, P.; Faissner, H.; Frey, R.; Fruehwirth, Rudolf; Garvey, J.; Giboni, Karl; Gutiérrez, P.; Hansl‐Kozanecka, T.; Hodges, C.; Hoffmann, D.; Homer, R. J.; Karimaeki, V.; Kenyon, I. R.; Kernan, A.; Kinnunen, R.; Kozanecki, W.; Lehmann, Harry; Leuchs, K.; McMahon, T. J.; Moricca, M.; Paoluzi, L.; Piano-Mortari, G.; Pimiä, M.; Radermacher, E.; Ransdell, J.; Reithler, H.; Sadoulet, B.; Salvini, G.; Strauss, J.; Sumorok, K.; Szoncsó, F.; Smith, D.; Tscheslog, E.; Tuominiemi, J.; Vrána, J.; Wahl, H. D.; Watkins, P. M.; Wilson, J.

doi:10.1016/0370-2693(83)91177-2

Cited by 877 publications

(359 citation statements)

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“…94 For instance, Prescott et al 1978, andFanchiotti &Sirlin 1990. 95 Arnison et al 1983. In this final section, by taking stock of the previous conclusions, I shall offer a comparative analysis of the works that contributed to the construction process of the mass-generation mechanism. The first point I shall point out is that the historical process in question was guided by analogies drawn to the theories of solid-state physics, namely, the BCS theory of superconductivity and the free-electron gas theory.…”

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confidence: 98%

The construction of the Higgs mechanism and the emergence of the electroweak theory

Karaca

2013

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in

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I examine the construction process of the Higgs mechanism and its subsequent use by Steven Weinberg to formulate the electroweak theory in particle physics. I characterize the development of the Higgs mechanism to be a historical process that is guided through analogies drawn to the theories of solid-state physics and that is progressive through diverse contributions from a number of physicists working independently. I also offer a detailed comparative study that analyzes the similarities and differences in these contributions. IntroductionThe concept of "spontaneous symmetry breaking" (SSB) as used in (relativistic) quantum field theory was inspired from the vacuum-structure of the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer(BCS) theory of superconductivity in solid-state physics. 1 As physicists Yoichiro Nambu 2 and Giovanni JonaLasinio 3 once remarked, the integration of SSB into the theoretical framework of quantum field theory illustrates a case of "cross-fertilization" between solid-state physics and particle physics through the sharing of a physical concept. The integration process of SSB has been discussed in 1 Barden et al. 1957 2 a joint paper 4 by Laurie Brown and Tian Yu Cao, which has also accounted for the emergence of SSB as a physical concept and its early use in solid-state physics. What constitutes the final step in this integration process is the construction in the sixties of what is today referred to as "Higgs mechanism" in the literature of modern physics. This was achieved through diverse contributions from different physicists working independently. Even though the aforementioned paper by Brown and Cao is very helpful and thorough in many respects, it does not engage in a detailed examination of the similarities and the differences that exist between the approaches taken in these contributions. 5 Nor does it discuss their convergence to the Higgs mechanism as well as to the formulation of the electroweak theory by Steven Weinberg in 1967. All these as-yetunaddressed historical issues call for a critical study of the development of the Higgs mechanism that is currently missing from the literature of history and philosophy of modern physics. 6 In the present paper, I shall undertake a detailed comparative study of the works that contributed to the development of the Higgs mechanism. Moreover, in parallel to this discussion, I shall also trace the development of the electroweak theory as the unified theory of electromagnetic and weak forces.The plan of the present paper is roughly as follows. In Section 2, I shall give a short summary of the failure of the V-A theory of weak interactions. In Section 3, I shall dwell on Glashow's work on a unified theory of weak and electromagnetic forces. I shall also discuss the zero-mass problem of the Yang-Mills theory and how it plagued Glashow's work. In Section 4, I 3 shall examine in detail the construction process of the Higgs mechanism that solved the zeromass problem. In Section 5, I shall describe the formulation of the electroweak theory by Weinberg on t...

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confidence: 98%

The construction of the Higgs mechanism and the emergence of the electroweak theory

Karaca

2013

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in

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“…Since this time it has achieved remarkable success with the discovery, as predicted by the model of the tau lepton [1] along with the charm [2,3] and bottom quarks [4] in the 1970s, the W and Z bosons in the 1980s [5][6][7], the top quark in the 1990s [8] and the tau neutrino in 2000 [9]. The final particle in the standard model, the Higgs boson was discovered at CERN in July 2012 [10,11], completing the set of particles predicted by the SM.…”

Section: The Standard Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 . These two Higgs are know as up and down type, depending on which particle type they give a mass to.…”

Section: The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (Mssm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond Standard Model Collider Phenomenology of Higgs Physics and Supersymmetry

Thomas¹

2016

Springer Theses

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In this thesis I study the collider phenomenology of BSM physics at the LHC, concentrating on the Higgs boson and supersymmetery. The implications and effects on cross sections of the loss of unitarity in scattering processes involving multiple vector bosons and/or the Higgs, when the Higgs couplings to the W and the Z are non-SM, is studied using an effective Lagrangian. Subsequently methods to remove unwanted background from transversely polarised vector bosons are explored, which enable an estimation of the potential to measure the Higgs couplings to weak bosons in a model-independent way via vector boson fusion. MSSM effects on Higgs production and decay are also considered, concentrating on the effects due to light stops, sbottoms and staus. Amongst other things, we find that light 3 rd generation squarks generally produce asymmetrical alteration in signal strengths of different production channels, generally causing µ V BF µ ggF > 1. Finally we extend some ATLAS analyses in the low ∆m = mt − mχ0 1 region, extending the excluded masses of light stops. This enables us to limit the maximum effects of light stops on the Higgs, and further limits the parameter space where the light stop scenario of electroweak baryogenesis is viable.

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“…The W boson was announced on January 25 th 1983 by Carlo Rubbia on behalf of the UA1 experiment, based on finding six electron events featuring missing energy and no jets. No statistical analysis is discussed in the discovery paper [4], which however tidily and systematically rules out all possible backgrounds as sources of the effect. It is worth noting that in the W search there was no trials factor to account for, as the signature was unique and predetermined; further, the theory prediction for the particle mass (82 ± 2 GeV) was matched well by the actual UA1 measurement (81 ± 5 GeV).…”

Section: How 5σ Became a Standardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraordinary claims: the 0.000029% solution

Dorigo

2015

EPJ Web of Conferences

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Abstract. The five-standard-deviation threshold is an established standard for discovery claims in experimental particle physics; however, the criterion is an ad-hoc recipe with no solid foundations. In this report I discuss its origins and the issues it was designed to address, pointing out its shortcomings and the need for a more flexible approach to decide when a new observed effect should be taken seriously.

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Experimental observation of isolated large transverse energy electrons with associated missing energy at

Cited by 877 publications

References 14 publications

The construction of the Higgs mechanism and the emergence of the electroweak theory

The construction of the Higgs mechanism and the emergence of the electroweak theory

Beyond Standard Model Collider Phenomenology of Higgs Physics and Supersymmetry

Extraordinary claims: the 0.000029% solution

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