“…Premature loading, tobacco smoking, and systemic conditions such as diabetes have been associated with early implant loss (De Bruyn & Collaert, 1994;Mombelli & Cionca, 2006). Clinical experiments (Meyer et al, 2017;Pontoriero et al, 1994;Salvi et al, 2012;Zitzmann, Berglundh, Marinello, & Lindhe, 2001) have established a causeeffect relationship between biofilm formation and inflammation, with a stronger clinical reaction around implants compared to teeth. Factors associated with peri-implantitis and late failures include periodontitis, smoking, and diabetes mellitus (Atieh, Alsabeeha, Faggion, & Duncan, 2013;Bornstein, Cionca, & Mombelli, 2009;Derks & Tomasi, 2015;Heitz-Mayfield & Huynh-Ba, 2009;Karoussis, Kotsovilis, & Fourmousis, 2007;Klokkevold & Han, 2007;Ong et al, 2008;Quirynen, Abarca, Van Assche, Nevins & van Steenberghe, 2007;Safii, Palmer, & Wilson, 2010;Schou, Holmstrup, Worthington, & Esposito, 2006;Stacchi et al, 2016).…”