Experimental models of focal and multifocal cerebral ischemia: a review

Abstract

Rodent and rabbit stroke models have been instrumental in our current understanding of stroke pathophysiology; however, translational failure is a significant problem in preclinical ischemic stroke research today. There are a number of different focal cerebral ischemia models that vary in their utility, pathophysiology of causing disease, and their response to treatments. Unfortunately, despite active preclinical research using these models, treatment options for ischemic stroke have not significantly advanced since the food and drug administration approval of tissue plasminogen activator in 1996. This review aims to summarize current stroke therapies, the preclinical experimental models used to help develop stroke therapies, as well as their advantages and limitations. In addition, this review discusses the potential for naturally occurring canine ischemic stroke models to compliment current preclinical models and to help bridge the translational gap between small mammal models and human clinical trials.

Involvement of caveolin-1 in neurovascular unit remodeling after stroke: Effects on neovascularization and astrogliosis

“…Overall, ischemic strokes represent approximately 85% of strokes 2 . Intravenous administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator was approved for the treatment of ischemic stroke in the United States in 1996 and by the European Union in 2003.…”

“…1 Overall, ischemic strokes represent approximately 85% of strokes. 2 Intravenous administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is approved for the treatment of ischemic stroke. More recently, it has been demonstrated that patients with ischemic stroke caused by a proximal occlusion in the anterior circulation benefit from endovascular thrombectomy.…”

Therapeutic Potential and Mechanisms of Novel Simple O-Substituted Isoflavones against Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion

“…They can induce the pathophysiological phenomena of IR such as energy failure, excitotoxicity, calcium overflow, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuronal apoptosis. In vivo research models, global cerebral ischemia reperfusion, four-vessel occlusion (4-VO), and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) are often used in gerbils or rodents [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. Many natural products have been evaluated for their protective effects on IR using in vitro and in vivo experimental IR models based on the pathological mechanism of IR, and isoflavones are one of them.…”