Experimental modeling of explosive blast-related traumatic brain injuries

The influence of heterogeneous meninges on the brain mechanics under primary blast loading

“…The degree of transmission and reflection at the interface not only depends on the material properties of the two media, but also the ratio of impedance mismatch. This phenomenon can result in appreciable changes to the pressure and energy transferred at that interface [24]. The maximum shear stresses in the interfaces of the different constituents obtained with the full model (case study A) are revealed in Figure 8.…”

Fantastic plastic? Experimental evaluation of polyurethane bone substitutes as proxies for human bone in trauma simulations

“…In subsequent tests the spheres were therefore filled with ballistic gelatin (constituted at 10% by weight at 4°C). This medium is widely used in ballistic tests as it approximates the density of human soft tissue [17,18,19].…”

The Mechanics of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review of What We Know and What We Need to Know for Reducing Its Societal Burden

“…In some instances, these models have been used to assess the effectiveness of different animal models to recreate the deformation patterns that appear during impact and have led to a redesign of animal models to produce deformation patterns that more closely resemble the strains within the hemispheres during injury [103][104][105]. These same techniques are now extended to blast loading conditions [102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109], where the efforts will yield significant information on the manner that external blast waves transfer to the brain simulant, how these pressures are distributed throughout the surrogate, and how these pressures dissipate over time. Although providing a direct window into the possible response of the brain to any external mechanical loading condition, it is worth noting that the highly elastic material properties of brain tissue surrogates will need to be considered in extending or interpreting these results for the viscoelastic, nonlinear brain tissue.…”