Experimental Model for Bone Regeneration in Oral and Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery

Abstract

Bone and tooth loss, as a result of trauma, anatomical or congenital reasons, cancer, and periodontal disease, is a common therapeutic problem in the fields of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery and periodontics. The proposed techniques for the treatment of various bone defects encountered include bone grafts, bone substitutes, guided tissue regeneration, and distraction osteogenesis as well as their combinations. In addition, dental implants have been successfully utilized for the restoration of full or partial edentulism. The introduction and development of new therapeutic approaches and devices demand the use of appropriate animal models that present bone anatomy and healing comparable to human. Among other animal models, the pig is extensively documented in several biomedical areas and has been largely used in maxillo-facial surgery and implants dentistry-related research. Anatomical and physiological similarities with human in size, physiology, and bone biology contribute to a successful involvement of this animal to understand and treat various osseous lesions. However, improvements and standardization are requested with respect to consistency and discrimination abilities. The aim of this review is to provide a critical appraisal of the literature related to swine models for the evaluation of cranio-maxillo-facial osseous defect healing, regeneration, and bone-implant interface. This review should assist researchers in the field to select the most appropriate model for each dedicated purpose and also contribute to stimulate an innovative thinking on the use of porcine models.

The Yucatan Minipig Temporomandibular Joint Disc Structure–Function Relationships Support Its Suitability for Human Comparative Studies

“…8 FP's omnivorous nutrition, anatomical similarities, physiology, and bone biology all resemble those of humans, making them exceedingly suited for maxillofacial research. 9 Like higher primates, pigs have bilateral occlusion at full closure, a symphysis that fuses after infancy, and sliding joint mechanics.…”

Ligature-Induced Peri-Implantitis in Minipigs Revisited

“…Concerning overall bone composition and bone remodeling, minipigs reveal a close similarity to humans and thus offer interesting aspects for analyzing osseointegration in dental and craniofacial research [15][16][17]. Microbiologically, Hickey et al could also demonstrate that artificially induced periimplantitis leads to a shift in the sulcular flora from primarily Gram-positive in healthy animals to Gram-negative in diseased animals [9].…”

Histomorphometric Analysis of the Alveolar Bone for Two Weeks after Bone Morphogenetic Protein Transfer

“…However, when lost, alveolar bone has limited potential for spontaneous regeneration [2]. Therefore, numerous studies have investigated ways to successfully engineer new bone that is efficient and safe for clinical therapy [3]. However, because alveolar bone is in a constant state of remodeling-more so than most other bony regions-it can be difficult to evaluate whether a method has been successful in regenerating bone at the intended site [4][5][6].…”