Experimental methods for local-scale characterization of hydro-morphodynamic dam breach processes. Breach detection, 3D reconstruction, flow kinematics and spatial surface velocimetry

Amaral, Sílvia; Viseu, Teresa; Ferreira, Renata Marques

doi:10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2019.101658

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Photogrammetry is well established as a method for measuring morphology and morphological changes; however, it is not much used in dam break research. Stereo vision usage has been applied in dam breach research through the use of Kinect sensors [17]. This is, however, a quite different approach from what is later described in this paper.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breach Progression Observation in Rockfill Dam Models Using Photogrammetry

2023

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Dam failures are examples of man-made disasters that have stimulated investigation into the processes related to the failure of different dam types. Embankment dam breaching during an overtopping event is one of the major modes of failure for this dam type, comprising both earthfill and rockfill dams. This paper presents the results of a series of laboratory tests on breach initiation and progression in rockfill dams. Especially eight breaching tests of 1 m-high 1:10 scale embankment dams constructed of scaled well-graded rockfill were conducted. Tests were performed with and without an impervious core and under different inflow discharges. Controlling instrumentation includes up to nine video cameras used for image analysis and photogrammetry. A previously little-used technique of dynamic 3D photogrammetry has been applied to prepare 3D models every 5 s throughout the breaching process, allowing us to track in detail breach development. These dynamic 3D models along with pressure sensor data, flow data, and side-view video are used to provide data on erosion rates throughout the breaching process. One important purpose of this research is to test methods of observing a rapidly changing morphology such as an embankment dam breach that can easily be scaled up to large-scale and prototype-scale tests. The resulting data sets are further intended for the verification of existing empirical and numerical models for slope stability and breach development as well as the development of new models.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breach Progression Observation in Rockfill Dam Models Using Photogrammetry

2023

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“…Based on limitations identified by previous studies of other techniques (e.g., point gauges, surface profiling systems [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ] or laser scanners [ 23 ]), there is a need for measurement techniques that can be affordable, easy to use and accurate at the same time. To date, Microsoft Kinect sensors have been used for a range of scientific applications including: (i) 3D indoor mapping [ 24 ], (ii) real-time 3D modelling [ 25 ], (iii) health care [ 26 , 27 ], (iv) surveillance [ 28 ], (v) earth sciences [ 29 ], (vi) morphological measurements [ 30 , 31 ] and (vii) musculoskeletal disorders [ 32 ]. Gonzalez-Jorge et al [ 33 ] demonstrated how the depth accuracy of these sensors is dependent on the distance to the measured objects and other studies have explored the differences in accuracy and reliability between the two sensors for common 3D reconstruction applications [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Use of Titanium Dioxide Colourant to Enable Water Surfaces to Be Measured by Kinect Sensors

Nichols

Rubinato

Cho

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Recent studies have sought to use Microsoft Kinect sensors to measure water surface shape in steady flows or transient flow processes. They have typically employed a white colourant, usually titanium dioxide (TiO2), in order to make the surface opaque and visible to the infrared-based sensors. However, the ability of Kinect Version 1 (KV1) and Kinect Version 2 (KV2) sensors to measure the deformation of ostensibly smooth reflective surfaces has never been compared, with most previous studies using a V1 sensor with no justification. Furthermore, the TiO2 has so far been used liberally and indeterminately, with no consideration as to the type of TiO2 to use, the optimal proportion to use or the effect it may have on the very fluid properties being measured. This paper examines the use of anatase TiO2 with two generations of the Microsoft Kinect sensor. Assessing their performance for an ideal flat surface, it is shown that surface data obtained using the V2 sensor is substantially more reliable. Further, the minimum quantity of colourant to enable reliable surface recognition is discovered (0.01% by mass). A stability test shows that the colourant has a strong tendency to settle over time, meaning the fluid must remain well mixed, having serious implications for studies with low Reynolds number or transient processes such as dam breaks. Furthermore, the effect of TiO2 concentration on fluid properties is examined. It is shown that previous studies using concentrations in excess of 1% may have significantly affected the viscosity and surface tension, and thus the surface behaviour being measured. It is therefore recommended that future studies employ the V2 sensor with an anatase TiO2 concentration of 0.01%, and that the effects of TiO2 on the fluid properties are properly quantified before any TiO2-Kinect-derived dataset can be of practical use, for example, in validation of numerical models or in physical models of hydrodynamic processes.

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