Experimental methodology for assessing the environmental fate of organic chemicals in polymer matrices using column leaching studies and OECD 308 water/sediment systems: Application to tire and road wear particles

Unice, Kenneth M.; Bare, Jennifer L.; Kreider, Marisa L.; Panko, Julie M.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.053

Cited by 73 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…22) was confirmed by a standard. DPG is used in tire rubber as a secondary accelerator in silicon tread mixes (also called "activator") [9,28] and was previously shown to be released from tires [12]. Information on the environmental stability of DPG is limited but contradictory: while DPG was reported not to be stable in terrestrial environment [12] and to be degraded in a production wastewater (though data were not provided) [29], another study found DPG to be stable in a lab degradation experiment [30].…”

Section: Identification Of Suspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These substances are partially transformed during tire production or use. Consequently, not only the parent chemicals but also their aging or degradation products may later be released from tires or TRWP into the aqueous environment [12]. Some of these TPs are known for long, e.g., benzothiazoles [13], while others, such as hexamethoxymethyl melamine (HMMM) have been recognized only recently [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, release of persistent and mobile substances from tires or TRWP into aqueous environment has not been intensively studied, thus far [15]. And while a number of tire ingredients are known, the information on the products formed from them during tire production and use is also limited [12]. Taken together, the information available on organic trace contaminants that may be found in the aquatic environment and that originate from tires is limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Source-related smart suspect screening in the aqueous environment: search for tire-derived persistent and mobile trace organic contaminants in surface waters

et al. 2020

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A variant of suspect screening by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) is proposed in this study: Samples of a potential source of contamination and of an environmental sample close to this source are first analyzed in a non-targeted manner to select source-related suspects and to identify them. The suspect list compiled from such an exercise is then applied to LC-HRMS data of environmental samples to ascribe and to identify persistent and mobile contaminants in the water cycle that may originate from the source under study. This approach was applied to tire crumb rubber (source) and road dust (close to source); by comparison of the two data sets, 88% of the features detected in tire leachate could be excluded. Of the 48 suspects remaining, a total of 41 could be tentatively identified as either related to hexamethoxymethyl melamine or cyclic amines, benzothiazoles, or glycols. Subsequently, environmental samples were searched for these suspects: 85% were determined in an urban creek after a combined sewer overflow and 67% in the influent of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). These exceptionally high rates of positive findings prove that this source-related smart suspect screening effectively directs the effort of selecting and identifying unknown contaminants to those related to the source of interest. The WWTP effluent and the urban creek during dry weather also showed the presence of numerous contaminants that may stem from tire and road wear particles (TRWP) in road runoff. Contribution from other sources, however, cannot be ruled out.

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Section: Identification Of Suspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Source-related smart suspect screening in the aqueous environment: search for tire-derived persistent and mobile trace organic contaminants in surface waters

et al. 2020

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“…Several chemicals that are used in the manufacturing of tires and/or the transformation products of these compounds are transported in road runoff into surface waters (Unice et al 2015 ; Seiwert et al 2020 ). Untreated road runoff is a significant source of these contaminants in the aquatic environment (Hou et al 2019 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Tire Wear Compounds 6PPD-Quinone and 1,3-Diphenylguanidine in an Urban Watershed

Johannessen

Helm

Lashuk

et al. 2021

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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Prompted by a recent report that 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-q), a by-product of a common tire manufacturing additive that is present in road runoff, is toxic to coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ), extracts of water samples collected from an urban river were re-analyzed to determine if this compound was present in stormwater-influenced flows. In addition, extracts were analyzed for 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG), which is also used in tire manufacturing. Samples were originally collected in the fall of 2019 and winter of 2020 in the Greater Toronto Area of Canada from the Don River, a highly urbanized watershed in close proximity to several major multi-lane highways. These target compounds were analyzed using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometric detection with parallel reaction monitoring. Both 6PPD-q and DPG were detected above limits of quantification (i.e., 0.0098 µg/L) in all extracts. Maximum concentrations for 6PPD-quinone of 2.30 ± 0.05 µg/L observed in the river during storm events exceeded the LC 50 for this compound for coho salmon (i.e., > 0.8 µg/L). In composite samples collected at intervals throughout one rain event, both compounds reached peak concentrations a few hours after initiation of the event (i.e., 0.52 µg/L for DPG and 2.85 µg/L for 6PPD-q), but the concentrations of 6PPD-q remained elevated above 2 µg/L for over 10-h in the middle of the event. Estimates of cumulative loads of these compounds in composite samples indicated that kg amounts of these compounds entered the Don River during each hydrological event, and the loads were proportional to the amounts of precipitation. This study contributes to the growing literature indicating that potentially toxic tire-wear compounds are present at elevated levels and are transported via road runoff into urban surface waters during rain events. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00244-021-00878-4.

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“…The increase in leached substances from rubber granules after simulation of mechanical stress using several approaches was reported, e.g., by [80,81].…”

Section: Metals and Pah From Synthetic Sports Surfacesmentioning

confidence: 87%

Using Environmental Simulations to Test the Release of Hazardous Substances from Polymer-Based Products: Are Realism and Pragmatism Mutually Exclusive Objectives?

et al. 2020

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The potential release of hazardous substances from polymer-based products is currently in the focus of environmental policy. Environmental simulations are applied to expose such products to selected aging conditions and to investigate release processes. Commonly applied aging exposure types such as solar and UV radiation in combination with water contact, corrosive gases, and soil contact as well as expected general effects on polymers and additional ingredients of polymer-based products are described. The release of substances is based on mass-transfer processes to the material surfaces. Experimental approaches to investigate transport processes that are caused by water contact are presented. For tailoring the tests, relevant aging exposure types and release quantification methods must be combined appropriately. Several studies on the release of hazardous substances such as metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, flame retardants, antioxidants, and carbon nanotubes from polymers are summarized exemplarily. Differences between natural and artificial exposure tests are discussed and demonstrated for the release of flame retardants from several polymers and for biocides from paints. Requirements and limitations to apply results from short-term artificial environmental exposure tests to predict long-term environmental behavior of polymers are presented.

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Experimental methodology for assessing the environmental fate of organic chemicals in polymer matrices using column leaching studies and OECD 308 water/sediment systems: Application to tire and road wear particles

Cited by 73 publications

References 56 publications

Source-related smart suspect screening in the aqueous environment: search for tire-derived persistent and mobile trace organic contaminants in surface waters

Source-related smart suspect screening in the aqueous environment: search for tire-derived persistent and mobile trace organic contaminants in surface waters

The Tire Wear Compounds 6PPD-Quinone and 1,3-Diphenylguanidine in an Urban Watershed

Using Environmental Simulations to Test the Release of Hazardous Substances from Polymer-Based Products: Are Realism and Pragmatism Mutually Exclusive Objectives?

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