Experimental method to detect phase transitions via the chemical potential

Matlak, M.; Pietruszka, Mariusz; Rówiński, E.

doi:10.1103/physrevb.63.052101

Cited by 27 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Ref. [14]) have also been detected in this way. This method works well for metallic samples, but it is restricted to a relatively narrow temperature range due to the electrolyte properties.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 51%

“…This behaviour has been demonstrated theoretically and experimentally in Refs. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. For a given microscopic model, the chemical potential temperature dependence can be determined from the condition that the average number of the electrons in the investigated material is equal to a constant where the averaging procedure is performed within the grand canonical ensemble.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another method to measure the chemical potential vs. temperature for metallic samples has been presented in Ref. [14]. For this purpose, a galvanic cell was used where one of the electrodes was the investigated metallic sample (exhibiting phase transitions) while the other one was a reference electrode.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical potential induced phase transition in the metallic electrode attached to the ferroelectric Pb5Ge3O11 single crystal

Molak

Matlak

Koralewski

2007

Physica B: Condensed Matter

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical potential induced phase transition in the metallic electrode attached to the ferroelectric Pb5Ge3O11 single crystal

Molak

Matlak

Koralewski

2007

Physica B: Condensed Matter

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“…With this method many phase diagrams of metalic systems were obtained and phase transitions observed [1,2]. Phase transformations of various alloys were also detected with this method [3]. When the material is a non-conducting organic ferroelectric single crystal like alkylammonium halogenobismutate, it can not be employed as the electrode material; however, the ferroelectric single crystal could be regarded as a low-conducting electrolyte.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromotive Cells in Investigation of Phase Transitions in Ionic Ferroelectric Crystals

Gatner

2007

Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung A

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The electrochemical cell: Se|TGSe single crystal |Se, with tri-glycine selenide as solid electrolyte was employed to observe the ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition. The charge, which normally occurs on the surface of the ferroelectric crystal in the polar phase, is thus incorporated in the electrical double layer of the cell and can be precisely monitored. The pyroelectric currents can also be measured with this cell. The concentration changes on the surface of the single crystal after direct current polarization are observed.

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“…This causes a change of the electrical fields outside the sample which, in principle, can be measured. Earlier attempts to measure these small changes of electric field were either utilizing a vibrating capacitance bridge [4], or electrochemical cells [5,6]. The disadvantage of the former is that it requires very clean and stable sample surfaces, which is only possible under ultra high vacuum conditions.…”

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confidence: 99%

Electrons and bursting waterworks

Marel

2004

Physica Status Solidi (b)

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The Expert Opinion is written by a distinguished scientist and presents his/her personal view on important and relevant new results of research, highlighting their significance and putting the work into perspective for a broader audience. Please send comments to pss@wiley-vch.de A yearly ritual before the winter returns is the emptying of the waterworks outside our homes. It is a well-known fact that water, when it freezes, expands, usually with destructive consequences for the waterworks, that is to say, if we have forgotten to empty them. The freezing of water is a typical example of a phase transition. When water turns into ice, the so-called chemical potential of the water molecules changes, causing fewer molecules to occupy the same amount of space.Electrons in a metal usually form some kind of liquid. Unlike water molecules, each electron carries a small amount of charge and, due to the spin, also a small amount of magnetic moment. The charge and the spin allow the electrons to order in a large diversity of states of matter, such as ferromagnets, superconductors, antiferromagnets, etc. Electrons can even crystallize, thus prohibiting the conduction of electrical currents, a phenomenon which is known as Wigner crystallization. These forms of ordering disappear when we warm up the electrons to a characteristic temperature, the so-called transition temperature, T c . Just as for the water/ice transition, the chemical potential of the electrons changes at T c [1]. That such a change should take place is firmly rooted in a set of fundamental equations of thermodynamics, the so-called Ehrenfest relations [2]. Accordingly, the temperature dependence of the electron chemical potential is directly related to dT c /dn, where n is the density of the electrons. This means that just like for the water in the waterworks, the electron density wants to change when a phase transition occurs: the electrons try to spill over the boundaries of the material in which they are contained! A water pipe has only two options: Either it is strong enough to sustain the pressure of the compressed ice, or it bursts. For electrons in a solid this is different: When the electron liquid begins to expand, a charge layer builds up on the sample surface, giving rise to an electric field which exactly balances the change in chemical potential [3]. Hence the sample does not burst, but instead the charge at the surface changes. This causes a change of the electrical fields outside the sample which, in principle, can be measured. Earlier attempts to measure these small changes of electric field were either utilizing a vibrating capacitance bridge [4], or electrochemical cells [5,6]. The disadvantage of the former is that it requires very clean and stable sample surfaces, which is only possible under ultra high vacuum conditions. For the latter method the sample must be immersed in an aqueous solution during the measurements, which imposes considerable limitations on the possible range of substances and temperatures.Recently Matlak and Pietruszka...

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Experimental method to detect phase transitions via the chemical potential

Cited by 27 publications

References 13 publications

Chemical potential induced phase transition in the metallic electrode attached to the ferroelectric Pb5Ge3O11 single crystal

Chemical potential induced phase transition in the metallic electrode attached to the ferroelectric Pb5Ge3O11 single crystal

Electromotive Cells in Investigation of Phase Transitions in Ionic Ferroelectric Crystals

Electrons and bursting waterworks

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