Experimental measurements and modelling of viscosity and density of calcium and potassium chlorides ternary solutions

Abstract

Measured viscosity and density data for ternary aqueous solutions of CaCl2 and KCl are presented at temperatures between 293 and 323 K with 5 K increment. A modified Jones–Dole was introduced by adding extra terms and proved to be suitable for modelling of the viscosity data. Goldsack and Franchetto, Hu and Exponential models are used to correlate the viscosity data, too. Al models are correlated as a function of temperature and concentration. All models had successfully predicted the viscosity with high precision reaching a maximum average absolute deviation (AAD) of less than 2.3%. The modified Jones–Dole showed the best results among other models. Viscosity of the ternary solution is higher than the viscosity of water by about 15% at low concentrations and reaches about 270% at the highest concentrations. The amount of CaCl2 has more significant effect on the ternary mixture viscosity compared to KCl. This has created difficulty in measuring the viscosity and consequently the challenge in finding the different models parameters. Ternary solution densities were successfully correlate with Kumar’s model with AAD of less than 0.4%. Comparison of the ternary solution density and viscosity with the few available data literature showed a good agreement.

Experimental data and modeling of viscosity in the quinary system NaCl+KCl+CaCl2+MgCl2+H2O

“…where A is associated with ion-ion interactions and can be calculated by the Falkenhagen equation and B is related to the ion-solvent interactions [11]. Ions with positive B-coefficients are considered structure makers as their hydrated ions firmly bind surrounding water molecules, reducing the mobility of water molecules in the solution and leading to an increase in the solution's viscosity.…”

“…Zhang and Han [10] incorporated the 3.5th term of molar concentration into the Kaminsky extended formula, which can effectively represent very high or even saturated concentrations of NaCl solution. Arshad et al [11] successfully represented the viscosity of concentrated solutions of KCl and CaCl2 by incorporating higher order concentration terms.…”

“…At low concentrations, the calculated values closely matched the experimental values, but as the concentration increased, the disparity between the calculated and experimental values grew. Arshad et al [11] introduced the ion interaction parameter G based on the extended Jones-Dole equation, which can effectively predict the viscosity of ternary solutions including KCl+CaCl2+H2O, NaCl+CaCl2+H2O, and NaCl+MgCl2+H2O. Hu [17] combined Eyring's theory with the equation of Patwardhan and Kumar [18] to establish a new viscosity prediction equation.…”

Effect of resting time on rheological properties of glass bead suspensions: Depletion and bridging force among particles

“…Individually, cations such as K + or Ca 2+ released from the hydration process can interact with water molecules and form more hydrogen bonds among water molecules, creating a closer distance among molecules in pore solutions. 17,18 As a result, the viscosity of the aqueous phase, in theory, would be increased to a certain degree, 19 which leads to the higher viscosity of cement suspension, according to Einstein's equation in theory. 20,21 Besides, the increase in ionic strength in the early stage in pore solution can also implement the shielding effect and result in a shorter range of Debye length, 22,23 which undermines the possible electrostatic force among particles and then increases the yield stress of a system.…”

“…The existence of ions and non‐absorbed polymers and their interactions in the aqueous phase would lead to multiple effects on the system of a cement‐based material with resting time. Individually, cations such as K + or Ca 2+ released from the hydration process can interact with water molecules and form more hydrogen bonds among water molecules, creating a closer distance among molecules in pore solutions 17,18 . As a result, the viscosity of the aqueous phase, in theory, would be increased to a certain degree, 19 which leads to the higher viscosity of cement suspension, according to Einstein's equation in theory 20,21 .…”