Experimental measurement and numerical analysis of binary hydrocarbon mixture flammability limits

Zhao, Fuman; Rogers, William J.; Mannan, M. Sam

doi:10.1016/j.psep.2008.06.003

Cited by 45 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…A flame propagating 75 cm distance or over detected visually by thermistors is defined as continuous flame propagation [12]. The procedure to determine the lower flammability limit is according to the one developed by Wierzba et al [13] that the probability of continuous flame propagation can vary from 0% to 100% when the fuel is within a certain concentration range near the lower flammability limits.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At each fuel concentration, 10 tests are performed, and the number of times of the continuous flame propagation is recorded; therefore, the probability of continuous flame propagation is obtained at this selected concentration. Then, the probability of continuous flame propagation is plotted against fuel concentration, and by regression a linear line is obtained, on which a concentration with a 50% probability of continuous flame propagation is identified as the lower flammability limit of the measured fuel/air mixture [12]. Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Calculated flame temperature (CFT) modeling of fuel mixture lower flammability limits

Zhao

Rogers

Mannan

2010

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calculated flame temperature (CFT) modeling of fuel mixture lower flammability limits

Zhao

Rogers

Mannan

2010

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…, which is also called the minimum oxygen concentration, is defined as thelowest concentration of oxygen in a fuel-air-inert gas mixture needed to propagate a flame 27,42 . The LOC can be estimated using the following simple method 43 : For mixtures, the LOC can be estimated using Eq.…”

Section: Determination Of Limiting Oxygen Concentration the Limitingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A vapour/air mixture will only ignite and burn when its concentration lies between the lower flammability limit (LFL) and upper flammability limit (UFL) 27 . Outside this range, the oxygen or fuel concentration will be insufficient to sustain combustion.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of Fire and Explosion in Electrical Substations Due to the Formation of Flammable Mixtures

El‐Harbawi

Al‐Mubaddel

2020

Sci Rep

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transformers reduce the voltage from overhead powerlines to voltages acceptable for city/ neighbourhood needs. Overheating of transformer cooling fluids presents a serious hazard. In this work, the risk of fires and explosions due to vaporisation of the hydrocarbon components of mineral oil, which is used as a transformer cooling fluid in electrical substations, was investigated. The compositions of new and used mineral oil from an electrical substation in Riyadh were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and C 6 to c 41 hydrocarbons were detected. the majority of the components were alkanes, alkenes, or alkynes; some ketone, alcohol, aromatic, and anhydride species were also detected. Approximately 25% of the compounds comprising the new oil sample were alkanes, whereas more than 33% of the used oil sample components were alkanes. The lower and upper flammability limits (LFL and UFL) of the mixtures were found to be 0.88 and 5.75 vol.% for the new oil and 0.47 and 3.05 vol.% for the used oil, respectively. These values were used to construct a flammability diagram. The results indicated that the new and used oil vapour mixtures were not flammable at 25 °C and 1 atm, but would become flammable at 77 and 115 °C. Electrical energy is a necessity for all aspects of civilisation. Increasing electrical energy consumption and demand have made the world highly reliant on electrical power systems. It is expected that most of the world's power will come from solar sources by 2050 1,2. Solar cell technology has recently attracted significant attention due to the excellent photovoltaic performance of current solar cell technology 3-5. However, in many countries, electricity is currently produced by fossil fuel combustion in thermal power plants 6. As these plants are typically located outside citylimits, the electrical energy needed for households and other activities is transported through powerlines to substations or transformers. Transformers are electrical devices used to convert an alternating current (AC) at a certain voltage to another AC voltage using the principles of electromagnetism and electromagnetic induction 7. The voltage conversion process generates heat due to electrical resistance; insulating fluids are used to absorb this heat. Three types of transformers are commonly used: (i) less-flammable-liquid-filled transformers, (ii) flammable-liquid-filled transformers, and (iii) non-liquid (dry type) transformers 8. Dry-type transformers (sometimes called cast resin transformers) use gases or dry compounds as the insulation material, and are generally considered safer than liquid-type transformers 8. However, they are costly and bulky. The liquid inside transformers is referred to as the insulant, insulating liquid, or dielectric liquid 9. Petroleum-based mineral oils have been used as transformer insulating liquids since 1887 10 , and most modern electrical power transformers use mineral oils derived from petroleum crude oil for cooling and insulation. These oils comprise various classes of hydr...

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“…Accurate knowledge of the LFL for a variety of chemicals is needed to design safe chemical and petrochemical processes. Experimental data obtained at 298 K are available for many commonly used gases [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. However, little or no data exist for a wide range of chemicals, and values are rare for most chemicals at non-ambient conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of the lower flammability limit of organic compounds as a function of temperature

Rowley

Wilding

2011

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Experimental measurement and numerical analysis of binary hydrocarbon mixture flammability limits

Cited by 45 publications

References 6 publications

Calculated flame temperature (CFT) modeling of fuel mixture lower flammability limits

Calculated flame temperature (CFT) modeling of fuel mixture lower flammability limits

Risk of Fire and Explosion in Electrical Substations Due to the Formation of Flammable Mixtures

Estimation of the lower flammability limit of organic compounds as a function of temperature

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