Experimental manipulation of the winter surface ice layer: the effects on a High Arctic soil microarthropod community

Coulson, S.J.; Leinaas, Hans Petter; Ims, R. A.; Sovik, G.

doi:10.1034/j.1600-0587.2000.d01-1638.x

Cited by 27 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…Ecological studies confirm the negative impact of the El Niño events on these populations [37]–[38] with significant mortalities and large reductions in reproductive effort reported. Thus, if the variability of the environment is often linked with phenotypic plasticity [3], [5], [39], the unpredictability of the environment coupled with irregular extreme events such as El Niño can have substantial influences on survival [40]–[43].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating Long-Term Survival Temperatures at the Assemblage Level in the Marine Environment: Towards Macrophysiology

Richard

Morley²,

Thorne³

et al. 2012

PLoS ONE

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Defining ecologically relevant upper temperature limits of species is important in the context of environmental change. The approach used in the present paper estimates the relationship between rates of temperature change and upper temperature limits for survival in order to evaluate the maximum long-term survival temperature (Ts). This new approach integrates both the exposure time and the exposure temperature in the evaluation of temperature limits. Using data previously published for different temperate and Antarctic marine environments, we calculated Ts in each environment, which allowed us to calculate a new index: the Warming Allowance (WA). This index is defined as the maximum environmental temperature increase which an ectotherm in a given environment can tolerate, possibly with a decrease in performance but without endangering survival over seasonal or lifetime time-scales. It is calculated as the difference between maximum long-term survival temperature (Ts) and mean maximum habitat temperature. It provides a measure of how close a species, assemblage or fauna are living to their temperature limits for long-term survival and hence their vulnerability to environmental warming. In contrast to data for terrestrial environments showing that warming tolerance increases with latitude, results here for marine environments show a less clear pattern as the smallest WA value was for the Peru upwelling system. The method applied here, relating upper temperature limits to rate of experimental warming, has potential for wide application in the identification of faunas with little capacity to survive environmental warming.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating Long-Term Survival Temperatures at the Assemblage Level in the Marine Environment: Towards Macrophysiology

Richard

Morley²,

Thorne³

et al. 2012

PLoS ONE

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“…Conversely, winter and early spring thaws may lead to the formation of an ice layer encasing the ground surface (Arnold et al, 2003), somewhat analogous to the intertidal ice foot, effectively barring some biota from this space (cf. Coulson et al, 2000).…”

Section: (B ) Habitats and Biotamentioning

confidence: 95%

Environmental constraints on life histories in Antarctic ecosystems: tempos, timings and predictability

Peck¹,

Convey²,

Barnes³

2005

Biol. Rev.

296

228

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Knowledge of Antarctic biotas and environments has increased dramatically in recent years. There has also been a rapid increase in the use of novel technologies. Despite this, some fundamental aspects of environmental control that structure physiological, ecological and life-history traits in Antarctic organisms have received little attention. Possibly the most important of these is the timing and availability of resources, and the way in which this dictates the tempo or pace of life. The clearest view of this effect comes from comparisons of species living in different habitats. Here, we (i) show that the timing and extent of resource availability, from nutrients to colonisable space, differ across Antarctic marine, intertidal and terrestrial habitats, and (ii) illustrate that these differences affect the rate at which organisms function. Consequently, there are many dramatic biological differences between organisms that live as little as 10 m apart, but have gaping voids between them ecologically. Identifying the effects of environmental timing and predictability requires detailed analysis in a wide context, where Antarctic terrestrial and marine ecosystems are at one extreme of the continuum of available environments for many characteristics including temperature, ice cover and seasonality. Anthropocentrically, Antarctica is harsh and as might be expected terrestrial animal and plant diversity and biomass are restricted. By contrast, Antarctic marine biotas are rich and diverse, and several phyla are represented at levels greater than global averages. There has been much debate on the relative importance of various physical factors that structure the characteristics of Antarctic biotas. This is especially so for temperature and seasonality, and their effects on physiology, life history and biodiversity. More recently, habitat age and persistence through previous ice maxima have been identified as key factors dictating biodiversity and endemism. Modern molecular methods have also recently been incorporated into many traditional areas of polar biology. Environmental predictability dictates many of the biological characters seen in all of these areas of Antarctic research.

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“…In some ecosystems, mites respond more strongly to warming than springtails (Sjursen et al 2005;Bokhorst et al 2008); in other ecosystems, springtails respond more strongly to warming than mites Sinclair 2002;Haimi et al 2005;Bokhorst et al 2008), perhaps due to dissimilar ecological requirements in different ecosystems. Increasing precipitation resulted in fewer mites and more springtails in a high arctic tundra (Coulson et al 2000), and the responses of soil fauna to increased and reduced precipitation are not necessarily symmetrical (Lindberg et al 2002;Tsiafouli et al 2005). Thus, there is evidence that the effects of climatic change on soil biota depend on taxonomy, ecosystem type, local climate, and the direction of precipitation change.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

A meta-analysis of responses of soil biota to global change

2011

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Global environmental changes are expected to impact the abundance of plants and animals aboveground, but comparably little is known about the responses of belowground organisms. Using meta-analysis, we synthesized results from over 75 manipulative experiments in order to test for patterns in the effects of elevated CO(2), warming, and altered precipitation on the abundance of soil biota related to taxonomy, body size, feeding habits, ecosystem type, local climate, treatment magnitude and duration, and greenhouse CO(2) enrichment. We found that the positive effect size of elevated CO(2) on the abundance of soil biota diminished with time, whereas the negative effect size of warming and positive effect size of precipitation intensified with time. Trophic group, body size, and experimental approaches best explained the responses of soil biota to elevated CO(2), whereas local climate and ecosystem type best explained responses to warming and altered precipitation. The abundance of microflora and microfauna, and particularly detritivores, increased with elevated CO(2), indicative of microbial C limitation under ambient CO(2). However, the effects of CO(2) were smaller in field studies than in greenhouse studies and were not significant for higher trophic levels. Effects of warming did not depend on taxon or body size, but reduced abundances were more likely to occur at the colder and drier sites. Precipitation limited all taxa and trophic groups, particularly in forest ecosystems. Our meta-analysis suggests that the responses of soil biota to global change are predictable and unique for each global change factor.

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Experimental manipulation of the winter surface ice layer: the effects on a High Arctic soil microarthropod community

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

Estimating Long-Term Survival Temperatures at the Assemblage Level in the Marine Environment: Towards Macrophysiology

Estimating Long-Term Survival Temperatures at the Assemblage Level in the Marine Environment: Towards Macrophysiology

Environmental constraints on life histories in Antarctic ecosystems: tempos, timings and predictability

A meta-analysis of responses of soil biota to global change

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